Review Article
Effect of Bone Char Application on Soil Quality, Soil Enzyme and in Enhancing Crop Yield in Agriculture: A Review
Adugna Bayata*,
Getachew Mulatu
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
13-28
Received:
1 February 2024
Accepted:
18 February 2024
Published:
20 March 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajche.20241202.11
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Abstract: Soil quality, in contrast to air or water, exhibits a heightened level of heterogeneity and necessitates closer examination due to its impact on the well-being of flora, fauna, and human beings. Organic carbon is considered a fundamental indicator of soil quality, as it plays a significant role in strategies aimed at mitigating climate change. The generation of bone char arises from a thermochemical conversion process involving defatted bones. Specific attention is focused on the solubility of P compounds, which serves to classify bone chars as potential slow-release P fertilizers. The introduction of P into the soil can be enhanced through an "internal activation" process facilitated by the adsorption of reduced S compounds. Additional properties of agronomic significance originate from the porosity of bone char, which promotes water retention and provides a habitat function for soil microorganisms. The evaluation of soil quality has been a longstanding practice, involving an examination of physical and chemical characteristics such as pH, nitrogen levels, soil organic carbon, bulk density, accessible water, aggregate stability, particle size distribution, and soil structure. Recently, the concept of soil quality has been expanded to encompass the notion of soil health, which is perceived as a finite, non-renewable resource that undergoes constant change. Research also demonstrates the crucial role of soil biota in the assessment of soil quality, as they exhibit rapid responsiveness to disturbances. Animal bones undergo a process of defatting, degelatinization, and subsequent incineration at temperatures ranging from 600-800°C to produce bone char (BC). Reports indicate that typical BC contains 152 g P kg-1, 280 g Ca kg-1, and 6.5 g Mg kg-1, with carbon content typically falling below 100 g kg-1. The solubility of bone char in the soil depends on factors such as pH and the soil's capacity to absorb P, situating it within the range between rock phosphate and triple super phosphate (TSP). The application of bone char to the soil can enhance soil health, resulting in increased crop yield and improved quality.
Abstract: Soil quality, in contrast to air or water, exhibits a heightened level of heterogeneity and necessitates closer examination due to its impact on the well-being of flora, fauna, and human beings. Organic carbon is considered a fundamental indicator of soil quality, as it plays a significant role in strategies aimed at mitigating climate change. The ...
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Research Article
Effective Method of Improving the Performance Properties of Wall Products On the Basis of the Gypsum Binder
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
29-33
Received:
14 February 2024
Accepted:
20 March 2024
Published:
2 April 2024
Abstract: The basis of the conducted research was the goal of modifying composite gypsum-containing binders for the manufacture of wall products with increased water resistance, strength, frost resistance, and durability by developing a hydrophobizing solution for processing products based on gypsum binder. The article presents the results of research on the modification of artificial gypsum stone with a developed hydrophobizing chemical solution based on calcium polysulfide and titanium dioxide. Comparative indicators of water absorption of original and solution-impregnated samples, which were exposed to the frontal influence of water, are given. The water absorption of the modified samples is within 9...21% and does not change after the frontal impact of rain. Indicators of chemical resistance of impregnated samples in solutions of magnesium sulfate, urea, acetic and oxalic acids, which are characteristic components for aggressive environments of livestock complexes, food and chemical industry, are presented. The test results of the samples showed that the developed chemical solution provides a chemical resistance factor of 0.7, that is, they are chemically stable in such environments. It is shown that, depending on the number of applied layers of the solution or the time of impregnation, hydrophobization gives high indicators of the softening coefficient of the products, which is in the range of 0.6...0.82. The research results showed that thanks to the developed hydrophobizing solution, the construction and technical characteristics of the artificial gypsum stone are significantly increased. Wall products made of this material have high operational characteristics, and it is advisable to use them both indoors and outdoors.
Abstract: The basis of the conducted research was the goal of modifying composite gypsum-containing binders for the manufacture of wall products with increased water resistance, strength, frost resistance, and durability by developing a hydrophobizing solution for processing products based on gypsum binder. The article presents the results of research on the...
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,
Olga Drozdova
