Unusual HBV Mixed Genotype Infections Among Hepatitis Type B Iraqi Patients in Wasit Province/Iraq
Ali Shakir Kamil Al-Suraifi,
Ahmed Darwish Jabbar Al-Rubaie,
Sareaa Maseer Gatya Al-Mayahie,
Naeem Mohammed Mohsen Al-Abedy
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, November 2016
Pages:
1-7
Received:
29 August 2016
Accepted:
3 November 2016
Published:
9 December 2016
Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause to liver disease, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. About 1 million people die from HBV each year, which equates to about 2 HBV related deaths each minute. Depending on the virus sequence homogeneity as a minimum 10 genotypes (A to J) and numerous subgenotypes have been identified. Hepatitis B virus variants may be differ in their virulence, models of serologic reactivity, pathogenicity, response to treatment and global distribution. This study was carried out to detect HBV genotypes among Iraqi hepatitis type B patients in Wasit Province/ Iraq using nested PCR protocol. A total of 105 outpatients (65 males and 40 females, aged 1-95 years) clinically suspected as having viral hepatitis were included in this study. All the patients' sera (105 samples) were positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) by ELISA screen test. Whereas 72 (60.5%) and 33 (31.4%) of these samples were positive and negative for HBV DNA, respectively, by first PCR. Survey of DNA positive samples for HBV genotypes by nested PCR (second PCR) demonstrated a unique results that no single genotype was found and all of these samples had mixed genotypes of which the pattern A+B+C+D+E was the most common (77.7%), followed by A+B+D+E (16.66%), A+B+C (2.77%), A+B+E (1.38%), and A+D+E (1.38%), whereas genotype F was not found in any patient. Statistically, there was non-significant difference in distribution of genotypes among males and females. The presence of mixed infection with about 5 HBV genotypes among most of our patients lead us to conclude that these patients are incurred to different sources of infection at different times and this required an epidemiological evaluation of HBV infection among our patients not only in Wasit Province but also all over Iraq to control this abnormal acquisition of these genotypes by Iraqi people.
Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause to liver disease, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. About 1 million people die from HBV each year, which equates to about 2 HBV related deaths each minute. Depending on the virus sequence homogeneity as a minimum 10 genotypes (A to J) and numerous subgenotypes have been identified. Hepatitis B virus va...
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Modulation of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Expression of the Biofield Energy Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) Based Herbomineral Formulation in Mouse Splenocytes
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
William Dean Plikerd,
Peter L. Surguy,
Robert John Kock,
Rolando Baptista Piedad,
Russell Phillip Callas,
Sakina A. Ansari,
Sandra Lee Barrett,
Sara Friedman,
Steven Lee Christie,
Su-Mei Chen Liu,
Susan Elizabeth Starling,
Susan Jones,
Susan Mardis Allen,
Susanne Kathrin Wasmus,
Terry Ann Benczik,
Thomas Charles Slade,
Thomas Orban,
Victoria L. Vannes,
Victoria Margot Schlosser,
Yusif Sarkis Yamin Albino,
Sambhu Charan Mondal,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, November 2016
Pages:
8-17
Received:
29 November 2016
Accepted:
26 December 2016
Published:
7 January 2017
Abstract: With the increasing popularity of herbomineral preparations in healthcare, a new proprietary herbomineral formulation was formulated with ashwagandha root extract and three minerals viz. zinc, magnesium, and selenium. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of Biofield Energy Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) on the herbomineral formulation using murine splenocyte cells. The test formulation was divided into two parts. One was the control without the Biofield Energy Treatment. The other part was labelled the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers. Through MTT assay, all the test formulation concentrations from 0.00001053 to 10.53 µg/mL were found to be safe with cell viability ranging from 102.61% to 194.57% using splenocyte cells. The Biofield Treated test formulation showed a significant (p≤0.01) inhibition of TNF-α expression by 15.87%, 20.64%, 18.65%, and 20.34% at 0.00001053, 0.0001053, 0.01053, and 0.1053, µg/mL, respectively as compared to the vehicle control (VC) group. The level of TNF-α was reduced by 8.73%, 19.54%, and 14.19% at 0.001053, 0.01053, and 0.1053 µg/mL, respectively in the Biofield Treated test formulation compared to the untreated test formulation. The expression of IL-1β reduced by 22.08%, 23.69%, 23.00%, 16.33%, 25.76%, 16.10%, and 23.69% at 0.00001053, 0.0001053, 0.001053, 0.01053, 0.1053, 1.053 and 10.53 µg/mL, respectively compared to the VC. Additionally, the expression of MIP-1α significantly (p≤0.001) reduced by 13.35%, 22.96%, 25.11%, 22.71%, and 21.83% at 0.00001053, 0.0001053, 0.01053, 1.053, and 10.53 µg/mL, respectively in the Biofield Treated test formulation compared to the VC. The Biofield Treated test formulation significantly down-regulated the MIP-1α expression by 10.75%, 9.53%, 9.57%, and 10.87% at 0.00001053, 0.01053, 0.1053 and 1.053 µg/mL, respectively compared to the untreated test formulation. The results showed the IFN-γ expression was also significantly (p≤0.001) reduced by 39.16%, 40.34%, 27.57%, 26.06%, 42.53%, and 48.91% at 0.0001053, 0.001053, 0.01053, 0.1053, 1.053, and 10.53 µg/mL, respectively in the Biofield Treated test formulation compared to the VC. The Biofield Treated test formulation showed better suppression of IFN-γ expression by 15.46%, 13.78%, 17.14%, and 13.11% at concentrations 0.001053, 0.01053, 0.1053, and 10.53 µg/mL, respectively compared to the untreated test formulation. Overall, the results demonstrated that The Trivedi Effect®- Biofield Energy Healing (TEBEH) has the capacity to potentiate the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of the test formulation. Biofield Energy may also be useful in organ transplants, anti-aging, and stress management by improving overall health and quality of life.
Abstract: With the increasing popularity of herbomineral preparations in healthcare, a new proprietary herbomineral formulation was formulated with ashwagandha root extract and three minerals viz. zinc, magnesium, and selenium. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of Biofield Energy Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) on the herbomin...
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