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Exposure to an Alarm Pheromone Combined with Footshock Stress Enhances Responsivity of the Medial Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuit
Carlos M. Contreras,
Tania Molina-Jiménez,
Ana G. Gutiérrez-García
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
83-89
Received:
11 November 2014
Accepted:
19 November 2014
Published:
23 November 2014
Abstract: Alarm substances are released under stressful situations and may constitute signals that prevent other members of the group from encountering dangerous situations by producing fear. 2-Heptanone is an alarm pheromone that increases the neuronal firing rate in temporal lobe structures that are related to fear in the rat, such as the basal amygdala. A single stress session of unavoidable electric footshock or 2-heptanone sniffing increases the responsivity of the medial amygdala-hippocampus circuit, but unknown is the timing of action of simultaneous exposure to both stressors on the firing rate and responsivity of CA1-CA3 neurons identified by their connections with the medial amygdala nucleus. Twenty-four or 48 h after a single stress session, we obtained single-unit extracellular recordings. The firing rate was higher in the 48 h group. The peristimulus histogram showed an increase in the responsivity of amygdala-hippocampus neurons, which was more pronounced 48 h after a single stress session. The present results suggest an increase in the sensitivity of this circuit after a single stress session, seemingly representing a first step in the formation of emotional memories related to a conditioned response to fear.
Abstract: Alarm substances are released under stressful situations and may constitute signals that prevent other members of the group from encountering dangerous situations by producing fear. 2-Heptanone is an alarm pheromone that increases the neuronal firing rate in temporal lobe structures that are related to fear in the rat, such as the basal amygdala. A...
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Clinical and Sociodemographic Features of Children and Adolescents with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)
Zeynep Goker,
Ozden Sukran Uneri,
Esra Guney,
Gulser Dinc,
Ozlem Hekim-Bozkurt
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
90-95
Received:
16 November 2014
Accepted:
21 November 2014
Published:
25 November 2014
Abstract: Background: To evaluate of child or adolescent with specific learning disorder (SLD) was aimed and if there are any distinctive patterns of Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) performance, accepted as a determiner of cognitive functioning, was explored. Method: Over a-year period of data related to SLD diagnosed with DSM-IV-TR criteria was reviewed. Socio-demographic and clinical features were analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 program. Results: In a year of period, 716/25,013 had any type of SLD (2.9%). Mean age was 8.9±1.7 years with 65.4% of boys and 87.2% of under 12-year-old group. The majority of SLD subtype was “reading disorder (71.6%)”. There was no difference of SLD subtypes either distribution between sexes or age groups. Neither verbal IQ nor performance IQ was significantly different amongst four subtypes of SLD as well as total IQ scores. Also any relation was not found between subtypes of SLD and sexes or age groups in the distribution of WISC-R scores terms. Also there were not any consistent discrepancy patterns (VIQ>PIQ or PIQ>VIQ) in SLD subtypes. The presence of “reading disorder” was found significantly related with attention deficit-hyperactivity (ADHD) comorbidity (X2=7.006, p=0.008). Conclusions and Recommendations: ADHD is one of neurodevelopmental disorders and its presence could very well affect the SLD or vice versa. Further research would make clear both the relation between ADHD and SLD. Alongside cognitive measurements by using a number of intelligence scales would be enlightening in SLD field.
Abstract: Background: To evaluate of child or adolescent with specific learning disorder (SLD) was aimed and if there are any distinctive patterns of Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) performance, accepted as a determiner of cognitive functioning, was explored. Method: Over a-year period of data related to SLD diagnosed with DSM-IV-TR...
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Ethical and Deontological Issues in Psychiatry
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
96-100
Received:
20 November 2014
Accepted:
27 November 2014
Published:
2 December 2014
Abstract: General ethic principles in psychiatry are similar to those in somatic therapy, psychiatry being the medicine of the mind. The needs of the patient and society are the main focus of this medical specialty. Obtaining informed consent and cooperation can be encouraged if adequate information is disclosed to the patient from the outset. If the therapeutic measures that are being implemented (especially in case of, for instance, emergency admissions) are based on well-defined clinical data, the capacity of the patient to decide for themselves should be considered in addition to competency issues determined solely by the psychiatrist. Clinical experience has revealed that, unlike patients of other specialties, patients suffering from serious mental disorder often initially do not accept their clinical diagnosis, and subsequently may refuse much needed treatment. Temporarily, limiting the personal freedoms of the mentally ill are not just an end into itself, but an important means to ensure compliance with pharmacological and therapeutic objectives required for patient stabilization. The psychiatrist does so because, eventually, this would ideally restore the individual’s rights to liberty, freedom and independent decision-making.
Abstract: General ethic principles in psychiatry are similar to those in somatic therapy, psychiatry being the medicine of the mind. The needs of the patient and society are the main focus of this medical specialty. Obtaining informed consent and cooperation can be encouraged if adequate information is disclosed to the patient from the outset. If the therape...
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Prevalence of Anxiety and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV/AIDS at Debretabor General Hospital Anti Retro Viral Clinic Debretabor, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2014
Amsalu Belete,
Gashaw Andaregie,
Minale Tareke,
Tigabu Birhan,
Telake Azale
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
109-114
Received:
28 November 2014
Accepted:
9 December 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Anxiety is one of the co-morbidities that are often overlooked in treating patients for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS).Anxiety is higher among HIV/AIDS than the general population. Anxiety among those that have recently been diagnosed with, HIV has been shown to be more prevalent among patients with stress or excess social stigma related to their diagnosis. Specific prevalence of Anxiety is difficult to identify as a result of the wide variations across the globe, ranging from 7% to 82.3 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and associated factors among PLWHA at Debretabor general hospital ART clinic Debretabor,South Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2014. METHOD: Institute based cross -sectional study was conducted from April 28 to May 28, 2014 at Debretabor general hospital among PLWHA. Systematic random sampling method was used; logistic regression was performed to assess the association between binary outcomes and Different explanatory variables and the strength of association was interpreted using odds ratio and confidence interval, P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. Result: A total of 436 PLWH patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Out of which, 22.2% of the study participants had anxiety. Respondents who are Being female (AOR =2.63, 95% CI 1.399, 4.931), those who divorced (AOR =2.42, 95% CI 1.165, 5.023), started ART (AOR =2.74, 95% CI 1.425, 5.264) and perceived stigma (AOR=9.34, 95% CI 5.435, 16.176) were found to be significantly associated with anxiety. Conclusion and Recommendation: Prevalence of anxiety was found to be high on people living with HIV at Debretabor general hospital ART clinic. Being female, perceived stigma , started ART and divorced were significantly associated to anxiety. These findings highlight the importance of screening and treatment of anxiety as an integral component of HIV care.
Abstract: Introduction: Anxiety is one of the co-morbidities that are often overlooked in treating patients for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS).Anxiety is higher among HIV/AIDS than the general population. Anxiety among those that have recently been diagnosed with, HIV has been shown to be more prevalent among...
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Effectiveness of Osmotic-Controlled Release Oral Delivery System Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Stuttering that Combined with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Report
Sahin Bodur,
Yetis Isildar,
Halil Kara,
Murat Sabanci
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
115-117
Received:
15 December 2014
Accepted:
22 December 2014
Published:
27 December 2014
Abstract: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children that shows comorbidity with several psychopathology included stuttering. The prefrontal cortex is the area of brain that sends and receives projections from virtually all cortical sensory systems, motor systems, and many subcortical structures. It has been shown that psychostimulant medication increases activation of the inferior prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Both functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies show that psychostimulant medication improves executive functions. Verbal fluency is also considered as one of the executive functions. In this article, we report osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS) methylphenidate treatment effectiveness of stuttering that combined with ADHD.
Abstract: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children that shows comorbidity with several psychopathology included stuttering. The prefrontal cortex is the area of brain that sends and receives projections from virtually all cortical sensory systems, motor systems, and many subcortical structures...
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