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The Implications of the Current Petroleum Reserves in Developed and Developing Nations
Isaac Festus O.,
Emereje Peter O.
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
16-23
Received:
23 January 2015
Accepted:
6 February 2015
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: We have seen that reserves are those quantities of petroleum claimed to be commercially recoverable by application of development projects to known accumulations under defined conditions and it must satisfy four criteria which must be: discovered through one or more exploratory wells, recoverable using existing technology, commercially viable and remaining in the ground. These conditions have actually be met by some oil producing countries but how long will they rely on it to maintain a stable economic growth and development. No matter the trillion of barrels of oil stored by most countries in the world especially Nigeria will still not guarantee continuous growth in economic stability since the rate of usage is far more than that of discovery. This paper was able to bring to the notice of everyone that petroleum reserves are very advisable to all developed and developing countries in order to guarantee a partial stable economic growth and development. Experience shows that initial estimates of the size of newly discovered oil fields are usually too low. As years pass, successive estimates of the ultimate recovery of fields tend to increase. The term reserve growth refers to the typical increases in estimated ultimate recovery that occur as oil fields are developed and produced. We are currently in an energy crisis. Fossil fuels are the lifeblood of our society and for many others around the world. Our supply has a finite end, which may make some countries to make friend with those they hate. The countries in the Middle East as we can see from Fig. 3 have the highest oil reserves in the world and as such every country wants to make friend with them in case of acute shortage. Despite this, fossil fuels will run out one day and it is important to find other means of getting the energy we need to continue our society as we know it.
Abstract: We have seen that reserves are those quantities of petroleum claimed to be commercially recoverable by application of development projects to known accumulations under defined conditions and it must satisfy four criteria which must be: discovered through one or more exploratory wells, recoverable using existing technology, commercially viable and r...
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An Assessment of the Performance of a Biogas Digester When Insulated with Sawdust
Patrick Mukumba,
Golden Makaka,
Chipo Shonhiwa
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
24-31
Received:
5 December 2014
Accepted:
11 December 2014
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: Biogas is mixture of gases, predominantly methane and carbon dioxide, produced by anaerobic digestion. In biogas production temperature of slurry is an important parameter that affects the rate of biogas production. The biogas digester was fed with cow dung before it was insulated. Ambient, biogas and slurry temperatures were measured. The temperature sensors were connected to the CR1000 data logger. Results were collected and compared before the construction of the second wall of the digester for the insulation. There was a strong positive relationship between slurry and ambient temperatures (R2 = 0.882). The results showed the interdependence of slurry, biogas and ambient temperatures. The magnitude of biogas temperatures was slightly different from slurry temperatures because of the differences in the thermal conductivity properties of concrete and brick wall. The biogas was in contact with concrete dome with a thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/ (m.K) while the digester slurry was in contact with the brick wall with a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/ (m.K). The biogas digester that was not insulated produced biogas of average methane yield of 38%. The second wall for the biogas digester was constructed and sawdust with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/ (m.K) was put in the gap between the inner and outer walls of the biogas digester. The sawdust insulated digester produced average methane yield of 50% when fed with cow dung. The results showed that insulation of the surface digester improves methane yield. However, insulation does not give 100% slurry temperature stability even if the digester is built underground.
Abstract: Biogas is mixture of gases, predominantly methane and carbon dioxide, produced by anaerobic digestion. In biogas production temperature of slurry is an important parameter that affects the rate of biogas production. The biogas digester was fed with cow dung before it was insulated. Ambient, biogas and slurry temperatures were measured. The temperat...
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An Assessment of Wind Power Generation Potential for Margate Town in South Africa
Chipo Shonhiwa,
Patrick Mukumba
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
32-37
Received:
29 January 2015
Accepted:
11 February 2015
Published:
26 February 2015
Abstract: Before setting up a wind farm at any given site, it is very important to evaluate its wind power potential to find its physical and economic sustainability. To date, there is limited research output on wind resource assessment for Margate town in South Africa and this might be one of the factors affecting the uptake of wind technologies in this area. This study aimed to assess the wind power potential of Margate. Three-year-long, hourly average wind speed series between January 2010 and December 2012 for Margate town were statistically analysed using the Weibull distribution function. The dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k) varied from 2.1 to 2.2 while the scale parameter (c) ranged between 4.1 and 4.3 ms-1. The most probable wind speed (vmp) ranged from 3.0 to 3.2 ms-1. The wind power densities fluctuated from 57.8 to 64.0 Wm-2.The average of the measured wind speeds (vm) for the whole period was less than 5 ms-1.Basing on the wind classification done by European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Margate town is not favourable for the installation of wind turbines. However according to the rule of thumb for mean yearly wind speeds set by American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), the town is suitable for installation of stand-alone systems. It is thus recommended to small scale wind turbines for stand-alone applications such as supplying power to individual houses and irrigation in this town.
Abstract: Before setting up a wind farm at any given site, it is very important to evaluate its wind power potential to find its physical and economic sustainability. To date, there is limited research output on wind resource assessment for Margate town in South Africa and this might be one of the factors affecting the uptake of wind technologies in this are...
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Wind Potential Assessment of Ain Salah in Algeria; Calculation of the Cost Energy
Miloud Benmedjahed,
Zakaria Bouzid,
Nassera Ghellai
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
38-42
Received:
12 January 2015
Accepted:
20 January 2015
Published:
27 February 2015
Abstract: The objective of this work is to evaluate the wind resource on the site of Ain Salah, in Algeria. The hourly data used in this study span a period of 10 years. The parameters considered are the speed and direction of wind. The wind energy production was evaluated and an economic evaluation was conducted for wind farm (10MW) consisting of Twelve WGT 850 KW. The obtained results for the Weibull parameters was k = 2.48 and C = 6.0 m/s, at 10 m above the ground with an average wind speed of 5.4 m/s and the price per kW for our wind frame are 0.1603 USD/Kw.
Abstract: The objective of this work is to evaluate the wind resource on the site of Ain Salah, in Algeria. The hourly data used in this study span a period of 10 years. The parameters considered are the speed and direction of wind. The wind energy production was evaluated and an economic evaluation was conducted for wind farm (10MW) consisting of Twelve WGT...
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Stability Study of Power System
Mohammed Mynuddin,
K. M. Roknuzzaman,
Prodip Biswas,
Mohammad Tanjimuddin
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
43-50
Received:
21 January 2015
Accepted:
9 February 2015
Published:
28 February 2015
Abstract: The theory of power system stability, necessary of power system stability and different methods for analysis of power system stability has been developed in this paper. The objective of this paper is to investigate and understand the stability of power system, with the main focus on stability theories and power system modeling. The paper first explained the definition of power system stability and the need for power system stability studies. Next the paper examined the concept of system stability and some stability theories. The paper then performed a power system modeling and simulation of a two-machine, three bus power systems. The performance of the power system was simulated. The operating points and system parameters were varied to test the robustness of the power system. From various stability systems, in this paper, only transient analysis is studied. Examples of the parameters that were varied include the fault position λ, the power angle δ and the mechanical power input . A software using MATLAB has been developed for this purpose. Finally we compare various stability responses by varying power angle, fault position and mechanical power.
Abstract: The theory of power system stability, necessary of power system stability and different methods for analysis of power system stability has been developed in this paper. The objective of this paper is to investigate and understand the stability of power system, with the main focus on stability theories and power system modeling. The paper first expl...
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On the Assessment of Power System Stability Using Matlab/Simulink Model
Abel Ehimen Airoboman,
Ignatius Kema Okakwu,
Akintude Samson Alayande,
Oluwasogo Emmanuel Seun
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
51-64
Received:
13 February 2015
Accepted:
25 February 2015
Published:
2 March 2015
Abstract: Several voltage collapses have been experienced by most practical power systems in recent times in Nigeria. These have been mostly attributed to island formation within the network as a result of switching out of critical buses within the network. This paper assesses the stability of a practical power network of the Nigerian National Grid (NNG) with reference to a critical transmission line which could cause island formation as a result of fault within the NNG network. The Matlab/ Simulink model for both the steady-state and dynamic behaviours of the critical bus within NNG network is presented. The simulations for various fault conditions are also presented. The results obtained from the simulations are discussed. From the simulation results, high flow of reactive power and current, as a result of various faults along the transmission lines, were observed. Furthermore, non-sinusoidal waveforms generated from the simulation results show an indication that a high degree of compensation is required at the studied bus. The study uses Benin bus of NNG with respect to Benin-Onitsha-Alaoji 330-kV transmission network due to its location and sensitivity within the grid.
Abstract: Several voltage collapses have been experienced by most practical power systems in recent times in Nigeria. These have been mostly attributed to island formation within the network as a result of switching out of critical buses within the network. This paper assesses the stability of a practical power network of the Nigerian National Grid (NNG) wit...
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An Efficient Method for Electrical Earth Resistance Reduction Using Biochar
Lukong Pius Nyuykonge,
Noël Djongyang,
Lendzemo Wirnkar Venasius,
Fagbenro John Adeneyi
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
65-70
Received:
2 March 2015
Accepted:
7 March 2015
Published:
13 March 2015
Abstract: This paper presents a method that treats the soil by replacing a volume of the earthing portion with biochar instead of chemicals. The method contributes to reduce the earth resistance over long periods of time in order to avoid the expensive cost of these elements and their secondary effects. In the proposed method, a volume of soil from an earthing portion of 20 cm in diameter and 1 m deep is replaced with dry biochar. The earthing electrode is driven into this earthing portion. The use of this method significantly reduced the earth resistance with one electrode from 242.0Ω to an average of 26.27 Ω with the Clay sandy soils of the Sahelian zone of Cameroon during the dry season and 2.1 Ω during the rainy season. Furthermore, smaller reductions were achieved when connecting the two such earths in parallel reducing the resistance of clay-sandy soils from 242.0 Ω to 15.2 Ω in the dry season and 1.1 Ω during the raining season.
Abstract: This paper presents a method that treats the soil by replacing a volume of the earthing portion with biochar instead of chemicals. The method contributes to reduce the earth resistance over long periods of time in order to avoid the expensive cost of these elements and their secondary effects. In the proposed method, a volume of soil from an earthi...
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Power Systems Oscillations Damping with Regard the Finite Speed of Propagation the Electromechanical Waves
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
71-83
Received:
22 February 2015
Accepted:
11 March 2015
Published:
15 March 2015
Abstract: Damping of the power system electromechanical oscillations with magnitude-phase excitation controller (MPH-EC), which is responsive to the deviations of the magnitude and phase of the terminal voltage phasor, and taking into account the finite speed of propagation the electromechanical waves, caused perturbation the power balance are considered in this paper. The structure of an integrated excitation control system of synchronous machines (IECS SM) using a remote phasor measurement units (PMU’s) to identify the cross-sections (tie lines) of electromechanical oscillations and putting into operation the function of power system stabilizer, installed on the revealed cross-sections of electromechanical oscillations has been proposed. A significant advantage of the proposed method and technology of damping the low-frequency electromechanical oscillations in the power system is its selectivity in relation to the main modes, with the lowest damping ratio, making the greatest contribution to the development of the power system instability, due to the action of the optimal number of MPH-EC located taking into account the given grid topology.
Abstract: Damping of the power system electromechanical oscillations with magnitude-phase excitation controller (MPH-EC), which is responsive to the deviations of the magnitude and phase of the terminal voltage phasor, and taking into account the finite speed of propagation the electromechanical waves, caused perturbation the power balance are considered in ...
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Dynamic Economic Dispatch for Combined Heat and Power Units using Particle Swarm Algorithms
Mohamed Ahmed Sadeek,
Azza Ahmed El Dessouky,
Abd El Hay Ahmed Sallam
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
84-93
Received:
4 February 2015
Accepted:
11 March 2015
Published:
21 March 2015
Abstract: In this paper, combined heat and power units are incorporated in dynamic economic dispatch to minimize total production costs considering realistic constraints such as ramp rate and spinning reserve limits effects over a short time span. Four evolutionary approaches, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), particle swarm optimization with constriction factor (PSOCFA), particle swarm optimization with inertia weight factor (PSOIWA) and particle swarm optimization with both constriction factor and inertia weight factor (PSOCFIWA) are successfully implemented to solve the combined heat and power economic dispatch (CHPED) problem. These approaches have been tested on 12-generation units system with two steam, four gas and six cogeneration units. In addition, the performance tests are applied to measure the actual power output and the fuel consumption in every point tests for achieving different curves such as input/output, incremental heat rate and heat rate curves for the twelve units. The results of the four approaches are compared with those obtained using existing performance testing method. The results show that the particle swarm optimization with improved inertia weight is able to achieve a better solution at less computational time.
Abstract: In this paper, combined heat and power units are incorporated in dynamic economic dispatch to minimize total production costs considering realistic constraints such as ramp rate and spinning reserve limits effects over a short time span. Four evolutionary approaches, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), particle swarm optimization with constri...
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Assessment of a Simplified Model of a Wave Energy Converter in Terms of Hydraulic Mechanical and Electrical Parameters
Miftah Al Karim,
Md. Hasib Noor,
Mohammad Nasim,
Saiful Islam Khan
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
94-102
Received:
26 February 2015
Accepted:
18 March 2015
Published:
21 March 2015
Abstract: Developing different models of ocean energy converters have been getting much attention in recent times, due to a globally coherent consciousness towards different types of renewable energy sources. Development of any novel concept is preceded by acute understanding of previous yet similar ideas, which in fact is preceded by understanding of simplified observations of those ideas. This paper discusses the principle operation and modeling of a highly portable ocean energy generator called ‘Pelamis Wave Energy Converter’ from a simplistic point of view. The purpose of this paper is to make its readers understand the inherent mathematics and mechanics of a ‘Pelamis wave energy converter’ and preparing a simplified model using ‘Simulink’ software. Along with the modeling this paper also evaluates the output power in terms of different parameters such as hydraulic fluids, levels of input torque, variable wave pressures on the surface, capacitive loads etc.
Abstract: Developing different models of ocean energy converters have been getting much attention in recent times, due to a globally coherent consciousness towards different types of renewable energy sources. Development of any novel concept is preceded by acute understanding of previous yet similar ideas, which in fact is preceded by understanding of simpli...
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Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid Systems for Decentralized Power Generation in India
Sheeraz Kirmani,
Mohd Shadab
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
103-117
Received:
5 March 2015
Accepted:
18 March 2015
Published:
21 March 2015
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to find the optimum configuration from amongst the different combination of hybrid energy systems that will fulfill the electrical energy requirement of selected village reliably and economically. The various systems that are considered are solar-grid connected system, solar-diesel system, solar-wind energy system, wind-grid connected system, solar-wind-grid connected system, wind-diesel-grid connected system and solar-diesel-grid connected system. The comparison of these systems is done based on various economic indicators like internal rate of return, net present cost, payback period and cost of energy. From amongst the various systems that have been considered in this study wind-grid connected system is best suited hybrid system for the considered case having lowest cost of energy as Rs. 2.34/kWh. Also the initial cost of this system is less in comparison to other hybrid systems considered.
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to find the optimum configuration from amongst the different combination of hybrid energy systems that will fulfill the electrical energy requirement of selected village reliably and economically. The various systems that are considered are solar-grid connected system, solar-diesel system, solar-wind energy syste...
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Development of Two Stroke Double Power Ecological Engine with Spark Assisted Compression Ignition in Lean Mixture
Iwan Harianton,
Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo,
Noval Lilansa,
Ayi Ruswandi,
Beny Bandanajaya,
Suwadi Suparlan
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
118-122
Received:
3 April 2015
Accepted:
14 April 2015
Published:
23 April 2015
Abstract: Two stroke engine is almost left out by automotive industry in urban development due to several unsolved problems including higher pollutant, fuel consumption, and impractical oiling in the combustion chamber. However, it still promotes an unforgettable advantage in generating rapid potential power twice as much as it does in the four stroke engine. This paper is one of the series research publications on the two stroke double potential power ecological engine with spark assisted compression ignition, which can maintain lower emission, better fuel consumption and practicality of the fuel type, while at the same time improve the thermal efficiency of the double power generation. Technical finding on the development has been reserved for certain purpose; therefore, such material will be presented on the basis of conceptual design to qualify for academic publication. The design of Double Power Ecological Engine had been published as it is stated in the first reference, so that some detail thermodynamic consideration will not be rewritten. The design of new development including managing steps of combustion cycle, controlling the air-fuel ratio, introducing new way of eliminating knock limit, and improving thermal efficiency will be described.
Abstract: Two stroke engine is almost left out by automotive industry in urban development due to several unsolved problems including higher pollutant, fuel consumption, and impractical oiling in the combustion chamber. However, it still promotes an unforgettable advantage in generating rapid potential power twice as much as it does in the four stroke engine...
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