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Entrepreneur Education, Entrepreneur Confidence, Cultural Supports and Gender as Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intention Among Final-Year Students of the University of Ibadan
Abdulfatai Adekunle Owodunni
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
102-108
Received:
6 April 2022
Accepted:
28 April 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.11
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Abstract: The study examined entrepreneur education, entrepreneur confidence, cultural support and gender as predictors of entrepreneurial intention among final-year students of the University of Ibadan. It adopted a descriptive survey research design. A total of 200 students selected using a stratified sampling technique, participated in the study. They responded to the “Entrepreneurship Tendency Assessment Scale”, a battery of researcher-developed scales. This comprised of Section A, on respondents’ socio-demographic information, and five other Questionnaires; Entrepreneur Intention Assessment Questionnaire (5 items, r = 0.90), Entrepreneur Education Questionnaire (10 items, r = 0.89), Entrepreneur Confidence Questionnaire (10-items, r = .72), Cultural Supports Questionnaire (10 items, r = 0.80) and the Entrepreneur Gender Stereotypic Questionnaire (10 items, r = .88). Three research questions were raised and answered in the study, and data were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression. Results revealed that entrepreneur education, entrepreneur confidence and cultural supports were significant at a 0.05 level of significance (.337**, .472**, and .264**) to the prediction of entrepreneurial intention. It also revealed that the joint contribution of independent variables (entrepreneur education, entrepreneur confidence, cultural supports and gender) on dependent variable (entrepreneurial intention) was significant F (4/183) = 20.28; R = .576, R2 = .432, p < .05). About 43.2% variation was accounted for by the independent variables. Results also revealed that entrepreneur education, entrepreneur confidence and cultural supports were potent predictors of entrepreneurial intention. The most potent factor was entrepreneur confidence, followed by cultural support, and entrepreneur education while gender did not predict entrepreneurial intention. Recommendations included that universities should champion the teaching of entrepreneurship to prepare a good foundation for students’ intention to start a business after graduation, entrepreneurial confidence should be enhanced in these young graduates by psychologists, and cultural support for these potential entrepreneurs should also be given attention by the family and be enhanced.
Abstract: The study examined entrepreneur education, entrepreneur confidence, cultural support and gender as predictors of entrepreneurial intention among final-year students of the University of Ibadan. It adopted a descriptive survey research design. A total of 200 students selected using a stratified sampling technique, participated in the study. They res...
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The Factors Affecting Customers Attitude Towards Domestically Produced Goods and Their Economic Implications: Evidence from Addis Ababa, Merkato
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
109-116
Received:
19 April 2022
Accepted:
17 May 2022
Published:
31 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.12
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Abstract: The study was conducted on the factor affecting customer’s attitude towards domestically produced goods and their economic implication in Addis Ababa the case of merkato. The general objective of the study was to assess the facto affecting customer attitudes towards domestically produced goods and their economic implication in the studied area. This paper was used non-probabilistic sampling methods of judgmental/purposive sampling technique on the sample size of 450 respondents. The reason for use of judgmental sampling technique was due to the objectives which were intended to identify attitude of customers towards shoe and cloth with domestic origin. In order to achieve the objectives, both primary and secondary source of data was used. This study was used both descriptive and econometric method of data analysis. In descriptive analysis the study was use table, percentage, frequency and figure. In econometric analysis this study used logit model because dependent variable of this study is qualitative or dummy. The result obtained from descriptive analysis indicates that the attitudes of customers towards domestically produced good were pessimistic. Their perception mainly affected negatively on products attributes such as quality, price, fashion ability/style, and durability. According to the econometrics analysis, all independent variable are positive sign, based on the logit model estimated result, quality of product, attractiveness of product and social states of product are statistically significant at 10 % level of significance. R-squared of this study is 0.756836. This implies that 75.68 % of the customer attitude of domestic is explained by the selected explanatory variables. The economic implication of such attitude will be greater on trade balance and performance of domestic industries which are producing those products.
Abstract: The study was conducted on the factor affecting customer’s attitude towards domestically produced goods and their economic implication in Addis Ababa the case of merkato. The general objective of the study was to assess the facto affecting customer attitudes towards domestically produced goods and their economic implication in the studied area. Thi...
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An Empirical Investigation of Service Quality Based on RATER Model
Hui-Lin Hsu,
Hung-Chi Hsu,
Daxing Du,
Quanhua Hu
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
117-122
Received:
31 May 2022
Published:
1 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.13
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Abstract: The sales market of beverages and baked goods is very competitive in China, especially in Shanghai, which has the highest density of convenience stores in the country, and these stores mainly sell beverages and various foods. Therefore, in order to maintain an advantage in a highly competitive market, chain coffee shops should examine the quality of service and ensure that their customers are satisfied. This research takes C company as a case study of service quality, explores the gap between customers' actual service experience and prior expectations, and finds out the existing problems and puts forward improvement suggestions. The research method is based on random distribution of questionnaires as a research tool, and the survey objects are the existing customers of C company. The questionnaire design is based on the five dimensions of the RATER model, combined with the characteristics of the catering industry, and develops evaluation indicators. The survey results show that the respondents have the characteristics of youth, and their satisfaction with service quality is in the order of tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy. At the same time, this paper proposes countermeasures, including that companies should provide a friendly service environment and make timely remediation for service failures. The service awareness of service personnel should be transformed from passive to active, professional skills need to be improved, and they must have the ability to think from the perspective of customers.
Abstract: The sales market of beverages and baked goods is very competitive in China, especially in Shanghai, which has the highest density of convenience stores in the country, and these stores mainly sell beverages and various foods. Therefore, in order to maintain an advantage in a highly competitive market, chain coffee shops should examine the quality o...
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Determinants of Banks Profitability of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia Facts from Ethiopian Commercial Banks
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
123-139
Received:
18 March 2022
Accepted:
16 May 2022
Published:
8 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.14
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Abstract: Profitability was the major determinant of banks profitability all over the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of commercial banks profitability in Ethiopia by using panel data of six (6) commercial banks from year 2010 to 2020. Prior studies a similar topic dis regarded certain determinants of profitability in Ethiopian banking industry. Hence the study filled the gap through assessing their influenced and profitability in economic banks. Accordingly capital adequacy credit risk, operating expense, tax payment, service charge and commission, other income, employment salary and benefit, interest income, non-interest income and real growth domestic product significantly influenced banks profitability in different direction. The study used multiple linear regressions models to investigate factors that determine the profitability of commercial banks. The study recommended that commercial bank in Ethiopia shall diverse their portfolio in order to maximize their level of profitability capital adequacy. To obtain information relevant to the study, secondary data was used. Besides in the study all commercial banks in Ethiopia were taken as study population and purposive sampling method was used to select sample unit. Furthermore the study suggested that banking industry in Ethiopia must be optimizing the level of service charge and commissions, credit risks. It is advisable if the banks broadly the level of implementation of digital banking system. The study to explore capital adequacy, interest income, non-interest income, bank service charge and commission were strongly and positive correlation with banking profitability in Ethiopia banking industry. However credit risk, tax payment and operating expenses have strong and negative correlation with Ethiopian commercial banks profitability. Farther researchers suggested examining the determinants of commercial banks profitability across the country.
Abstract: Profitability was the major determinant of banks profitability all over the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of commercial banks profitability in Ethiopia by using panel data of six (6) commercial banks from year 2010 to 2020. Prior studies a similar topic dis regarded certain determinants of profitability in Ethiopi...
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Determinants of Farmers’ Potato Marketing in Kofale District, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
140-149
Received:
26 April 2022
Accepted:
26 May 2022
Published:
8 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.15
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Abstract: Agriculture in Ethiopia is dominated by smallholder and largely subsistence farmers who are intended to meet household food consumption. To increase the smallholder farmers’ income and reduce rural poverty, subsistence agriculture needs improvement through increasing production and productivity of potatoes. Therefore, improving the smallholder farmers’ potato production and marketing is required, in order to improve access to food and sustainable livelihoods. The overall objective of this study was to analyze status of commercialization factors influencing farmers’ potato production and marketing in Kofele district. To conduct the study, primary data was collected from 150 randomly selected household heads through semi-structured questionnaire. The district average potato production is 52 quintals / household. All sample potato producers in the study area produce using rain-fed. The sample households allocated more cultivated land for potato production next to barley. Regression analysis linear model (OLS) indicated potato production significantly affected by education level, ownership of livestock, total family size for production and land allocated for potato production positively and significantly. The potato supply to market significantly and negatively affected by family size while amount of potato produced, frequency of extension contact and access to market information affect it positively. The study indicated that the government, stakeholders and concerned bodies need to focus on facilitating increase productivity of potatoes, improving livestock production, strengthen extension service and disseminate market information to producers so as to improve potato production and marketing.
Abstract: Agriculture in Ethiopia is dominated by smallholder and largely subsistence farmers who are intended to meet household food consumption. To increase the smallholder farmers’ income and reduce rural poverty, subsistence agriculture needs improvement through increasing production and productivity of potatoes. Therefore, improving the smallholder farm...
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Six-Flow Matching Model: A Comprehensive Tool for Enterprise Transformation Practices
Wang Huifen,
Zhang Jiating,
Qiu Siji,
Li Zhilei,
Peng Ying
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
150-157
Received:
13 June 2022
Published:
14 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.16
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Abstract: Digital transformation has always been a hot topic in the field of information systems and strategic management. Although various theories have been used in the study of enterprise digital transformation, how to quickly identify the problems and propose feasible measures is a major challenge in the process of enterprise transformation. In addition, in the specific context of China, there are fewer tools available on the comprehensive study of enterprise transformation that can describe companies in the fastest and easiest way. So, Combining Six-Flow Matching hexagrams of I Ching and Bourdieu's social practice formula, we aim to propose Six-Flow Matching Model that is a comprehensive tool for enterprise transformation practice, and to explain how to use it to quickly and easily make a diagnosis and propose countermeasures for business transformation. Specifically, we not only describe the activities within the firm as information flow, material flow, capital flow, right flow, responsibility flow and benefit flow, which are matched with symbolic capital, social capital, economic capital, cultural capital, habitus and field, but also use the hexagrams to interpret the comparative results of the six-flow and propose digital transformation measures. By combining Bourdieu's social philosophy theory with the wisdom of the ancients, this study will illustrate the logic of hexagram changes to readers through the presentation of a case, and shows that Six-Flow Matching Model can comprehensively provide effective measures for the problems existing in enterprise transformation.
Abstract: Digital transformation has always been a hot topic in the field of information systems and strategic management. Although various theories have been used in the study of enterprise digital transformation, how to quickly identify the problems and propose feasible measures is a major challenge in the process of enterprise transformation. In addition,...
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Technical, Allocative, and Economic Efficiency of Potato Producers in Central Oromia, Ethiopia
Gadisa Muleta,
Addisu Getahun
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
158-165
Received:
6 May 2022
Accepted:
1 June 2022
Published:
14 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.17
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Abstract: Potato is the most important food and cash crop in mid and highlands for its potential in high yielding, good nutritional values, early maturing, improving food security, reducing poverty, serving as a main source of income for farmers, and improving the livelihood of millions of farm households, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, assessment of the technical, allocative, and economic efficiency of potato farmers is paramount important, and this study was intended to achieve this objective. Accordingly, primary data were collected from 301 potato-producing households from two districts, Walmara and Ejersa Lafo districts from central Oromia, Ethiopia. The stochastic frontier model of truncated normal distribution and Cobb-Douglas production function was employed, and the result revealed that households from both districts were not efficient in potato production as the mean technical, allocative, and economic efficiency scores were 61.21, 79.56, and 50.23 percent respectively, indicating the possibility that the households can increase their potato production by 38.78%, and the possibility of reducing potato production cost by 49.76%. Gender of the head and experience in potato production were the variables that positively affected households’ technical efficiency, while Age of the head, the occurrence of potato diseases, and distance from institutions like farmers’ training centers and cooperative unions were the variables that negatively affected households’ technical efficiency in potato production.
Abstract: Potato is the most important food and cash crop in mid and highlands for its potential in high yielding, good nutritional values, early maturing, improving food security, reducing poverty, serving as a main source of income for farmers, and improving the livelihood of millions of farm households, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Th...
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The Research on the Risk-Taking Behavior of Commercial Banks in Central Asia - Based on the Empirical Evidence of 67 Commercial Banks
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
166-172
Received:
17 May 2022
Accepted:
31 May 2022
Published:
14 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.18
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Abstract: Importance of the regional collaboration is well understood by rising economic development of China as it has played a very important role in developing One Belt One Road initiative for regional advancement with Central Asia countries. With the fully implement of One Belt One Road initiative, which for the economic, culture and regional development cannot be overemphasized. However, there is currently a lack of research on the financial cooperation between those countries. This study aims to establish a new commercial bank risk behavior framework to analyze the financial situation in Central Asia countries, that is the risk-taking motivation, risk-taking decision, and risk-taking consequence correspondingly. Then used the data of 67 commercial banks in Central Asia from the year 2010 to 2020 based on the dynamic panel model to do the statistical testing. The major findings of this study expose that the commercial banks in Central Asia lack the risk-taking motivation, the risk-taking decision needs to be optimized and the risk-taking consequence need to be inhibited. To deepen financial cooperation between China and Central Asian countries, the study puts forward several policy suggestions. For example, both China and Central Asia countries should pay much attention to the risk-taking behavior of commercial banks, China and Central Asia should actively expand new cooperation areas and opportunities such as banking risk prevention.
Abstract: Importance of the regional collaboration is well understood by rising economic development of China as it has played a very important role in developing One Belt One Road initiative for regional advancement with Central Asia countries. With the fully implement of One Belt One Road initiative, which for the economic, culture and regional development...
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Analysis of the Effects of Climate Change on the Income of Malian Farmers
Abdoulaye Maiga,
Moussa Bathily,
Amadou Bamba,
Issoufou Soumaïla Mouleye,
Mamadou Traoré,
Djimé Silamakan Diawara
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
173-179
Received:
20 May 2022
Accepted:
7 June 2022
Published:
14 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.19
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Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of climate change on the agricultural income of Malian producers during the period 1990-2021. Before testing for cointegration between variables, it is important to conduct the unit root test to ensure that no variable is integrated at order 2, i.e. I (2). This is essential because the ARDL procedure assumes that all variables are integrated of order I (0) or I (1). We used the ARDL estimator to analyze the time series data in this study. According to different theories, the variables explaining climate variability negatively affect agricultural production. The results show that climate change negatively influences agricultural income. Specifically, the average rainfall in the months of June-July and August-September are not very detrimental to Malian crops, but in contrast to these effects, the impacts of the quadratic variables, i.e., with a high square (threshold effect), negatively affect farm income. The results of the June-July average temperatures negatively affect income and are in contrast to the threshold effects of those of August-September. This study does not take into account future adaptations that farmers may implement. Thus, the impacts can be mitigated, but for this to happen, it is imperative to strengthen farmers' capacities to adapt to climate change in Mali.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of climate change on the agricultural income of Malian producers during the period 1990-2021. Before testing for cointegration between variables, it is important to conduct the unit root test to ensure that no variable is integrated at order 2, i.e. I (2). This is essential because the ARDL proc...
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Evaluating Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects Between Egypt and COMESA: Evidence from Gravity Model
Mosaad Mohamed Ismail Elgayish,
Ahmed Abdelmaksoud Abdelaziz Ali
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
180-186
Received:
3 June 2022
Accepted:
22 June 2022
Published:
29 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.20
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Abstract: Egypt has been an active participant in COMESA since its inception. Egypt's trade flows with the members of COMESA have grown steadily since the agreement entered into force. This paper investigates the impact of the COMESA free trade agreement on Egypt's trade flows, focusing mainly on trade creation and trade diversion effects. Present paper employed the augmented gravity model to examine whether the COMESA agreement has created or diverted trade. The model is estimated with panel data for a sample of 52 countries that are COMESA's members and Egypt's main trading partners, spanning a 25-year period from 1994 to 2018 covering the period pre and post the agreement's implementation. The Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood has been used to estimate the model to address zero trade flows and the presence of heteroscedasticity. To produce unbiased and consistent results, the omitted variables are addressed by controlling for time-variant multilateral resistance factors and unobserved time-invariant country characteristics. The findings show the formation of COMESA has resulted in trade creation between Egypt and members of COMESA. However, there is no evidence that the formation of COMESA has resulted in trade diversion. The results also show that, the conventional gravity model variables (GDPs, geographical distance, official common language, and being the importing country landlocked) are the major determinants of Egypt's trade flows. Based on the foregoing, in order to boost Egypt's trade flows with the COMESA to meet untapped potential, RTA schemes should address issues that impede intra-COMESA trade by improving diverse production, multi-country infrastructure, and policy coordination.
Abstract: Egypt has been an active participant in COMESA since its inception. Egypt's trade flows with the members of COMESA have grown steadily since the agreement entered into force. This paper investigates the impact of the COMESA free trade agreement on Egypt's trade flows, focusing mainly on trade creation and trade diversion effects. Present paper empl...
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Linkages Between Brand Experience, Shopping Styles and Purchase Decision Involvement: An Empirical Investigation in Retail Indian Apparel
Preshth Bhardwaj,
Rahul Kumar,
Patanjal Kumar
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
187-195
Received:
29 May 2022
Accepted:
24 June 2022
Published:
30 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.21
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Abstract: Consumption of apparel is very large in India by volume and the apparel retail segment is one of the largest segments after food and groceries in India. Indian retail market stands as the fifteenth largest among developing countries as per GRDI 2015. Indian markets have witnessed a dramatic change in consumer attitude and buying behavior. Increased purchasing power, cultural shifts and demographic changes have shaped the purchase decision-making. Previously scholars have studied brand experience, shopping styles and purchase decision involvement as constructs in isolation. These aspects have never been studied aggregately, especially in emerging markets like India, where retail growth has been rampant. This study aims to simultaneously understand and analyze the impact of Brand Experience (BE) and Shopping Styles (SS) on Purchase Decision Involvement (PDI) in Indian apparel retail context. Respondents in seven tier-1 cities of India were approached with structured questionnaire, located across the sub-continent. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to substantiate the reliability and validity of constructs. Hierarchical Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was also used to ascertain the causal effect of BE and SS on PDI. The results reveals that antecedents namely BE and SS positively influences the PDI while buying an apparel brand. The findings will benefit the apparel retail firms to design their promotional strategies so as to enhance customer patronage towards their brand.
Abstract: Consumption of apparel is very large in India by volume and the apparel retail segment is one of the largest segments after food and groceries in India. Indian retail market stands as the fifteenth largest among developing countries as per GRDI 2015. Indian markets have witnessed a dramatic change in consumer attitude and buying behavior. Increased...
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Linkages Between Qualification, Experience, Relationship of Medical Representative and Prescription Behavior of General Practitioners: An Empirical Investigation
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2022
Pages:
196-203
Received:
29 May 2022
Accepted:
22 June 2022
Published:
30 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijber.20221103.22
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Abstract: Prescribing makes a considerable impact on health and budgets and yet remains a contentious issue. In emerging markets, like India, no substantial insights have been drawn from the prescription behavioural pattern of the general practitioners. General practitioners (GPs) majorly get influenced by interactions with the Medical representatives (MRs), hospital consultants along with referring to the medical literature while prescribing medicine brands. Drawing from the past research, the current paper aims to analyze the impact of qualification, experience and relationship of MRs on the prescription behavior of the GPs in the context of Indian pharmaceutical industry. This study also attempts to explore the factors that contribute to the impact of relationship between the GPs and the MRs on the prescription behaviour. The results reveals that the combined effect of price consciousness, inquiry from company’s promotional ads and materials, regular interaction along with the gifts and samples offered by MRs, and knowledge possessed by MRs significantly influences the prescription behaviour. The findings will benefit the Indian pharmaceutical firms in understanding stimuli that influences prescription behaviour of GPs. It would enable them in designing strategies for evoking positive response from them.
Abstract: Prescribing makes a considerable impact on health and budgets and yet remains a contentious issue. In emerging markets, like India, no substantial insights have been drawn from the prescription behavioural pattern of the general practitioners. General practitioners (GPs) majorly get influenced by interactions with the Medical representatives (MRs),...
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