Effects of Pharmaceutical Effluents on the Chemical. Composition of Various Vegetables in Sahiwal Region Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Nasir Javed,
Sami Ullah,
Abid Ali,
Muhammad Zeshan,
Kanwal Shehzadi,
Muhammad Khalid
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
45-50
Received:
2 January 2020
Accepted:
27 February 2020
Published:
28 May 2020
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of toxic metals such as Lead (pb), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Cadmium (Cd) in pharmaceutical effluents, agricultural soil and vegetables (Pumpkin, Green Chilli and Spinach) in Sahiwal Region, Punjab, Pakistan, where many pharmaceutical industries producing effluents that contain toxic metals, reagents, organic compounds and catalyst. These pharmaceutical effluents are being used for irrigation purpose. Different samples of efflents, soil and vegitables analysed. Though the detected amounts are exceeded from WHO irrigation limits in water samples other than zinc. The analysis of soil sample showed that All metals were exceeding the controlled sample and WHO limits. The testing in vegetables samples showed that all the metals exceeded the permissible limit other than Fe and it was concluded that agricultural soil and vegetables of small industrial estate area of Sahiwal region were contaminated by increasing concentration of toxic metals due to untreated pharmaceutical effluents. There is a need of regular monitoring of pharmaceutiocal effluents enterimg into irrigation water sources in order to save quality of vegatables and health hazards.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of toxic metals such as Lead (pb), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Cadmium (Cd) in pharmaceutical effluents, agricultural soil and vegetables (Pumpkin, Green Chilli and Spinach) in Sahiwal Region, Punjab, Pakistan, where many pharmaceutical industries producing effluents ...
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Shigella in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2018: A Critical Review
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
51-56
Received:
28 August 2020
Accepted:
14 September 2020
Published:
24 September 2020
Abstract: Shigella is a non-motile, rod shaped, nonspore forming, and non-lactose fermenting facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium that causes bacillary dysentery or also known as shigellosis. It is endemic throughout the world and it is among the most common causes of bacterial diarrheal diseases. Globally, it is estimated that shigellosis causes about 1,100,000 deaths per year, two-thirds of the patients being children under 5 years of age. The disease is transmitted faeco-orally, the commonest modes being person-to-person contact and contaminated food and water. It is a disease of overcrowding, insanitary conditions and poor personal hygiene, and affects mostly children of developing countries like Ethiopia. The treatment of shigellosis has currently become more challenging due to the emergence of drug resistant species and associated with a variety. of biological, pharmacological and societal variables with the worst combinations in low and middle income countries. Multidrug-resistant Shigella significantly varies from area to area of the world in relation with the practice of widespread use of antimicrobial agents. This review paper indicates isolation of Shigella infection increases time to time from under five children to hospitalized patients and also Shigella is becoming resistance to the commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs in Ethiopia like ampicillin, Amoxicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline because of misuse of antimicrobials. Therefore, performing drug susceptibility test for each shigellosis case and creating awareness about the transmission, risk factors of shigellosis for the community is invaluable.
Abstract: Shigella is a non-motile, rod shaped, nonspore forming, and non-lactose fermenting facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium that causes bacillary dysentery or also known as shigellosis. It is endemic throughout the world and it is among the most common causes of bacterial diarrheal diseases. Globally, it is estimated that shigellosis causes ab...
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