The Role of Ileum in the Absorption of Glucose in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Kolaviron
Olugbenga Adeola Odukanmi,
Oyenike Lola Morakinyo,
Tosan Peter Omayone,
Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
22-25
Received:
17 July 2022
Accepted:
30 July 2022
Published:
10 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.aap.20220702.11
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Abstract: Kolaviron (KV) is an established antihyperglycemic agent in both normal and experimental diabetic rats. The role of ileum in glucose uptake in KV-treated normal and diabetic rats was investigated. Rats (150–180 g) were used and grouped into 4 (n=5/group). Groups 1 and 2 are the control (non-diabetic) and untreated diabetics respectively while groups 3 and 4 were treated with 200 mg/kg KV and 5mg/kg Glibenclamide (GB) orally respectively. Diabetes was induced by 120 mg/kg of alloxan. Before each phase, rats fasted for 12 h with free access to water. Phase 1 assessed the effect of treatments on blood glucose levels while Phases 2 and 3 investigated the route of glucose utilization following treatments. Rats were anaesthetized before laparotomy in Phases 2 and 3 following which 4 ml of modified Krebs solution was infused between 2 ligated ends of the ileum. Glucose concentration was determined by the glucose oxidase method. Data were analyzed and considered significant at P < 0.05. Fasting blood glucose of KV-treated and GB-treated decreased significantly compared to the Control and Diabetic after 2 h of KV administration. The A-V study recorded a 14.1%, 27.6%, and 19.3% decrease in A-V difference of blood glucose concentration in the untreated diabetics, KV-treated and GB-treated respectively compared to the control after 2 h. The ileum glucose absorption (mg/dl/cm) increased significantly in the KV-treated (12.67±1.2; 18.12±1.6) and GB treated (10.41±0.8; 16.51±1.1) when compared with the control (8.66±0.9; 11.61±1.6) and untreated diabetic (9.91±0.8; 11.13±0.9) after 90 and 120 minutes respectively. The mode of improved absorption into the enterocytes was not elucidated in this study. The role of the surviving pancreatic β-cells should be investigated.
Abstract: Kolaviron (KV) is an established antihyperglycemic agent in both normal and experimental diabetic rats. The role of ileum in glucose uptake in KV-treated normal and diabetic rats was investigated. Rats (150–180 g) were used and grouped into 4 (n=5/group). Groups 1 and 2 are the control (non-diabetic) and untreated diabetics respectively while group...
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Heart Rate Variability: A Longitudinal Comparison of Commercial Devices for Individual and Group Stress-Response
Kaela Hierholzer,
Robert Briggs,
Michael Tolston,
Nicholas Mackowski,
Jason Eckerle,
Maegan O’Connor,
Kristyn Barrett,
Roger Smith,
Adam Strang
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
26-33
Received:
29 August 2022
Accepted:
17 September 2022
Published:
11 October 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.aap.20220702.12
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Abstract: The collection of heart rate variability (HRV) for health and performance observations have become prominent. However, each wearable device has proprietary algorithms that govern methods and timing of HRV capture and subsequent analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HRV metrics taken from three, commonly used commercial wearables, and identify reliability and relationships to one another over time. Methods: Twenty-five subjects (18 males; 7 females) with ages ranging from 23 to 41 years (32.70 ± 4.65 years) were included in this study. These subjects were participants in a 12-week exercise intervention study. Each subject was equipped with a Whoop Strap (v2.0), the Garmin Fenix 5 Smartwatch and chest strap, and the Omegawave chest strap and sensor. Statistical Analysis: Between and within-subject correlations were calculated as well as average correlations, descriptive and inferential statistics, and the resultant z-score, which was transformed back into a correlation. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Finally, linear mixed models were used to evaluate trends in HRV. Results: Within-subject correlations (0.24 ± 0.27) were lower than between-subjects correlations (0.54 ± 0.43), t (35) = -4.02, p < 0.001. Garmin HRV Stress, Whoop RMSSD, Omegawave SDNN, and Omegawave RMSSD yielded an ICC between 0.65 and 0.75. Garmin All-day stress, Garmin prior all-day stress, and Omegawave LF/HF yielded an ICC of 0.30 and 0.37. To test the effects of day of the week on HRV, we fitted linear mixed models to HRV metrics from three of the identified communities related to ICC: Omegawave RMSSD (moderate to high ICC), Omegawave LF/HF (low to moderate ICC), and Whoop recovery score (very low ICC). There was a main effect of gender on Omegawave RMSSD (p = 0.020) and a negative effect of day of the week (p = 0.030). Day of the week was the only significant predictor of Whoop recovery score (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The correlations of HRV values remain more consistent when assessed at similar times of the day, rather than being device dependent. Regardless of which wearable device is considered, HRV measures should be collected at a specific time each day for the best reliability. When creating an individualized or group exercise program, the human performance specialist should be aware that fatigue may become increasingly evident during the course of each week (e.g. individuals demonstrably fatigued by Friday may exhibit physiological indicators of relative recovery by Monday).
Abstract: The collection of heart rate variability (HRV) for health and performance observations have become prominent. However, each wearable device has proprietary algorithms that govern methods and timing of HRV capture and subsequent analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HRV metrics taken from three, commonly used commercial wearables, and ...
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Productivity and Progesterone Profile of Nulliparous and Second-Parous Rabbits Characterized by Low and High Litter Size
Mohamed Abdel-Fatah Abo-Farw,
Wael Mohamed Nagy,
Sherief Mohamed Zayed,
George Ezaat Younan,
Rehab Fawzy Ismail
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
34-41
Received:
1 October 2022
Accepted:
29 October 2022
Published:
10 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.aap.20220702.13
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Views:
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the litter size (LS) category on the reproductive performance of nulliparous (NP) and second-parous (SP) NZW rabbits and the performance of their offspring. A total of 39 NP and 33 SP doe rabbits were divided into low (LLS, <7) and high (HLS, ≥7) after parturition. Reproductive measurements of each LS category and doe type were determined. The results show LS of 3-8 and 4-10 NP and SP, respectively. Doe rabbits with 6 LS show the highest distribution. Doe body weight at mating and from mating to parturition was higher (P<0.0001) for HLS than LLS, and SP than NP. Kit weight at birth and weaning, LS and viability were higher in HLS than in LLS does. At weaning, LS was higher (P<0.0001) in SP than NP. Levels of P4 at mid-pregnancy (P<0.001) were higher in HLS than in LLS, and in SP than in NP. In conclusion, a high litter size category (≥7/doe) was obtained from heavier NP or SP doe rabbits (LBW around 3 kg) and from second-parous compared with nulliparous does, with near similarity in conception rate of does. Weight and viability rate at birth and weaning as well as plasma progesterone level at mid-pregnancy were higher for does with high than low litter size category. In conclusion, body weight and parity may have a significant role in improving the litter size of doe rabbits, which may be useful in breeding and managerial programs to increase the economic value of rabbit production.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the litter size (LS) category on the reproductive performance of nulliparous (NP) and second-parous (SP) NZW rabbits and the performance of their offspring. A total of 39 NP and 33 SP doe rabbits were divided into low (LLS, ...
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