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The Study of Effect of Amphetamine on Passive Avoidance Learning in Wistar Male Rats
Milad Rezazadeh,
Mehdi Ahmadifar,
Meysam Ahmadi Manesh
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
1-7
Received:
25 January 2018
Accepted:
16 February 2018
Published:
29 May 2018
Abstract: Methamphetamine is sometimes prescribed by doctors for specific diseases that with the entering the central nervous system caused by a sudden release of categulamine and particularly dopamine in the brain. It stimulates brain cells, enhancing aggressive mood and increased body movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate, has been the effects of methamphetamine on passive avoidance learning and memory in adult male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats of rats in the weight range (180-220gr) (N=6) was Divided into healthy group - control group (saline received) and dose received groups (1.5, 3, 5 mg/kg). Half an hour before the test, intraperitoneally injection was done and after the test, every day at specific times for long-term memory test for one week Injection was done. Results have shown that the incidence of passive avoidance between healthy and control groups there was no significant difference but there is a significantly decreased between the control group and the group receiving methamphetamine. Increase learning and short-term memory and reduced long term memory and passive avoidance learning mechanism is probably due to the involvement of the hippocampus in learning and memory consolidation and short term memory convert to long-term memory could potential mechanism of methamphetamine-induced damage to hippocampal neurons, particularly CA1 neurons. Meanwhile, short-term memory-enhancing effects of methamphetamine can result in Increase cortisol is also a short-term strengthens to the memory but in long term it will damage and weaken the memory.
Abstract: Methamphetamine is sometimes prescribed by doctors for specific diseases that with the entering the central nervous system caused by a sudden release of categulamine and particularly dopamine in the brain. It stimulates brain cells, enhancing aggressive mood and increased body movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate, has been the eff...
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Effect of Planting Methods on Growth of Onion (Allium cepa var. Cepa)
Selamawit Ketema,
Lemma Dessalegn,
Bezuayehu Tesfaye
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
8-13
Received:
6 December 2017
Accepted:
1 March 2018
Published:
3 July 2018
Abstract: The experiment was conducted at Melkassa center of the Ethiopian Institute of agricultural Research for two season to investigate the effect of different onion planting methods on growth parameters and canopy development of onion cultivars. The experiment consisted of three planting methods of onion, namely direct seeding to the field, transplanting of seedlings and planting sets, and three onion cultivars (Adama Red, Bombay Red and Nasik Red). The experimental design was split plot with three replications; cultivars were assigned to the main plot and planting methods to sub-plot. Data were collected at 55, 70, 85 and 100 days after planting. Leaf area index were significantly (P<0.05%) higher on sets and transplants at all dates of observation. The correlation analysis results show highly significant (P<0.001) association between plant height, leaf area, LAI and shoot fresh and dry weight, with correlation coefficient ranging between 0.89 and 0.99. This indicates that any one of these parameters can be used for yield estimator depending on the condition and the facilities available. Regression analysis of total yield on leaf area index showed stronger dependence at 85 days after planting than the other dates as observed by a higher value of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.80). This study indicated that planting method has significant effect on the growth and performance of onion cultivars.
Abstract: The experiment was conducted at Melkassa center of the Ethiopian Institute of agricultural Research for two season to investigate the effect of different onion planting methods on growth parameters and canopy development of onion cultivars. The experiment consisted of three planting methods of onion, namely direct seeding to the field, transplantin...
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Specific Features of Perception of Semantically Equivalent Stimuli in the Verbal and Visual Form
Valery Nikolaevich Kiroy,
Yelena Vlasovna Aslanyan,
Dmitry Mikhailovich Lazurenko,
Oleg Marksovich Bakhtin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
14-25
Received:
21 May 2018
Accepted:
6 June 2018
Published:
6 July 2018
Abstract: Response time and evoked potentials were registered for visual images related to two categories fruit and tableware as well as their verbal representations. The stimuli were presented randomly. The subjects were to attribute them regardless of the form (a word or image) to one of the categories. 11 female and 10 male subjects (average age 21.9±2.9 years) participated in the tests. 6 components of the evoked potentials were singled out: Р1 (Р66), N1 (N124), Р2 (Р180), N2 (N248), Р3 (Р331) and N3 (N456). Analysis showed that both female and male subjects demonstrated reliably longer response time for words as compared to those for corresponding images. For words, evoked potentials were registered in more complex configurations and with a shorter latency period for the early components (P1, N1) and longer latency period for the late ones (P2, N2, P3, N3). The evoked potential amplitude in response to verbal stimuli was smaller than that for visual ones. Evoked potential components in response to target stimuli (both images and words) had, in general, shorter latency. The amplitude of N1, Р2 and N2 components was lower, while that of P3 and N3 was higher for target stimuli rather than a non-target. The obtained results allow us to assume that evaluation of the type of information (verbal or visual) can be performed on early stages of stimulus perception (up to 120-150 ms). Further analysis includes either more detailed description of spatial features of the visual stimuli in parietal and occipital lobes or estimation of the semantics of a word employing the frontal and temporal areas. Decision-making on formulating a response barely depends on the manner of information presentation (visual and verbal).
Abstract: Response time and evoked potentials were registered for visual images related to two categories fruit and tableware as well as their verbal representations. The stimuli were presented randomly. The subjects were to attribute them regardless of the form (a word or image) to one of the categories. 11 female and 10 male subjects (average age 21.9±2.9 ...
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Acid-Base Balance and Arterial Ion Concentrations in Rat Under Three Types of General Anaesthesia: Chronobiological Study
Pavol Svorc,
Darina Petrasova,
Pavol Svorc Jr.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
26-32
Received:
27 May 2018
Accepted:
8 June 2018
Published:
9 July 2018
Abstract: The design and development of experimental, in vivo, chronobiological animal models may help reveal some of the relationships between circadian rhythms and biological functions. In vivo experiments require the use of appropriate anaesthesia, which should be selected according to their particular effect on the organism. The aim of study was to review the status of acid-base balance and ion concentration in arterial blood under common used general anaesthesias in experiments in dependence on the light-dark (LD) cycle in spontaneously breathing rats. The experiments were performed using three- to four-month-old pentobarbital (P)-, ketamine/xylazine (K/X)- and zoletil (Z)-aneasthetized female Wistar rats after a four-week adaptation to an LD cycle (12h light:12h dark). It was concluded that P anaesthesia disturbs LD dependence of acid-base balance compared to K/X and Z anaesthesia, but LD differences in plasma ion concentrations are disturbed under all type of general anaesthesia. P anaesthesia is not the most appropriate type of anaesthesia in rat chronobiological experiments. It eliminated LD differences, and also produces a more acidic environment, more pronounced hypercapnia and hypoxia than K/X and Z anaesthesias. This should be taken into account because the altered internal environment may affect the activity of systems whose functions are primarily dependent on acid-base balance or/and ion concentrations.
Abstract: The design and development of experimental, in vivo, chronobiological animal models may help reveal some of the relationships between circadian rhythms and biological functions. In vivo experiments require the use of appropriate anaesthesia, which should be selected according to their particular effect on the organism. The aim of study was to revie...
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Using Fish-Market-Fishes to Demonstrate the Methodological Approach to Establish Mathematical Relations Between Body Size and Body Weight
Maria Pagano,
Andrea Viggiano
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
33-37
Received:
26 July 2018
Accepted:
7 August 2018
Published:
19 September 2018
Abstract: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to evaluate if a person has a normal body weight. This index may appear strange to a student because he could expect a cubic relation between body volume and any linear body dimension. The aim of the present experiment was to show the experimental approach to establish a mathematical relation between linear body dimensions and body weight by using a simple animal model. To this end, twelve sea bass and thirteen sea breams were obtained from a local fish-market. For each fish it was measured the body weight, the linear body dimensions, the body volume, the body surface area, and the visceral fat weight. The mathematical relations between all the experimental variables were evaluated pairwise, by plotting them on X-Y graphs and calculating the best fitting power-model. The results demonstrated that in fishes body weight fitted with any of the linear body dimensions raised to a power smaller than 2. The strongest of such correlations was between body weight and body length raised to a power of 1.5. Moreover, BMI did not correlate with visceral fat content. These results demonstrated that in fishes: 1) a non-linear correlation exists between body weight and linear body dimensions; 2) growth is allometric; 3) BMI is a fictitious index and does not describe a physiological phenomenon; 4) BMI is not predictive of visceral fat content; 5) other variables should be taken into account to obtain a more affordable mathematical model to describe the relation between body weight and linear body dimensions.
Abstract: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to evaluate if a person has a normal body weight. This index may appear strange to a student because he could expect a cubic relation between body volume and any linear body dimension. The aim of the present experiment was to show the experimental approach to establish a mathematical relation between linear body...
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Relationship Between ApoE Gene Polymorphism and Cerebrovascular Disease in Qinghai Tibetan Population
Weizhong Ji,
Shizheng Wu,
Qian Hou,
Junming Luo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
38-43
Received:
7 August 2018
Accepted:
27 August 2018
Published:
27 September 2018
Abstract: To investigate the correlation between ApoE gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction (CI) and cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Tibetan patients with cerebrovascular disease, and the distribution of ApoE genotype in Tibetan nationality. We collected 94 patients as the experimental group, which hospitalized in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Guoluozhou People's Hospital and Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, including 48 cases of cerebral infarction (mean age 61.39 ± 10.48 years); 46 cases of cerebral hemorrhage (mean age 63.17 ± 10.92 years), and 96 healthy Tibetan residents from the physical examination center of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital as control group. The results showed that in In the Tibetan population, the CI group was the most common in the e3 alleles, with 48.0%, followed by e2 (37.5%) alleles, the rarest of which was e4 (14.6%). The most common one in ICH group were e2 (43.5%), e3 (45.7%) alleles, and the rarest one was e4 (10.9%). e3 was the most common allele in patients with Tibetan cerebrovascular disease. In the normal control group, e2 (49.0%) was the most common alleles, followed by e4 (33.3%), and e3 (17.7%). e3 allele may be a predisposing factor for cerebrovascular disease in Tibetan population. In Tibetan population, the majority alleles of ApoE were heterozygous E2/E3 and E2/E4, suggesting that hypoxia environment may be beneficial. The TG values in Tibetan populations varied among different alleles, suggesting that different alleles may influence lipid metabolism.
Abstract: To investigate the correlation between ApoE gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction (CI) and cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Tibetan patients with cerebrovascular disease, and the distribution of ApoE genotype in Tibetan nationality. We collected 94 patients as the experimental group, which hospitalized in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Guolu...
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