-
The Crisis of Ethics in Victorian Britain: A Critical Analysis of Silas Marner by George Eliot
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
335-343
Received:
8 September 2022
Accepted:
17 October 2022
Published:
4 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijla.20221006.11
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper is a reflexion on the morality of the Victorian society as reflected by the British Writer, George Eliot, in her novel Silas Marner (1861). Set in England in the early years of the 19th century, Eliot’s novel offers a complex view of the ethical landscape of the UK in the era of Industrial Revolution. Using a Christian approach of ethics, the study examines how the advent of industrialization fosters a new mentality among Victorians, engendering therefore a crisis of ethics. The analysis concludes that the state of mind of most nineteenth-century British people is incompatible with the rigid Christian-based moral standards set by Queen Victoria (1837-1901) to maintain a high morality in a period where the UK is a world reference in nearly all domains of life. Though given much importance in the Victorian era, at least in appearance, religion is no longer reliable to be source of moral standards. This reality leads first to a crisis of faith that implies existential and social consequences as can be observed with the novel’s protagonist, Silas Marner. It also brings about a general moral crisis essentially illustrated by the immoral and or selfish attitudes of certain characters. Such a crisis, which paradoxically starts in the church, can be traced both in the family private space and in the public and broader space of the society. The crisis of morality also manifests itself through the multiplicity of personal, secular and relative ethical positions that are most of the time contradictory, making then living together quite a difficult matter. The foregrounding of the Victorian moral disaster in Silas Marner does not however overshadow Eliot’s successful attempt to suggest new ethical lines that would be more adequate in the secular and industrialized age.
Abstract: This paper is a reflexion on the morality of the Victorian society as reflected by the British Writer, George Eliot, in her novel Silas Marner (1861). Set in England in the early years of the 19th century, Eliot’s novel offers a complex view of the ethical landscape of the UK in the era of Industrial Revolution. Using a Christian approach of ethics...
Show More
-
Three Ways of Life in One Woman Body of a Married Mother, a Martyr, and an Abbess of a Monastery: St. Fǝqǝrtä Krǝstos
Zewdie Gebreegziabher,
Abba Petros Solomon
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
344-351
Received:
27 October 2022
Accepted:
21 November 2022
Published:
29 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijla.20221006.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper is a reflexion on the three Ways of Life of St. Fǝqǝrtä Krǝstos as reflected in the Ethiopic hagiography, “Gädlä’ St. FƏqƏrtä KrƏstos” which contains her life, work, struggle, covenant and mälk’Ə. It is well known that Ethiopia had many great women martyrs and monastics that are recognized as saints by the Ethiopian Orthodox TäwhƏdo Church (EOTC). Among these women saints, St. FƏqƏrtä KrƏstos had played a vital role in the religious and social life of the 17thc. period of Ethiopia and she is venerated as a great martyr, a monastic and a prominent saint. When we see the lives of Christian women saints in general, most of them were virgins, and some of them entered in to the monastic life after the repose of their spouse. So the hagiography of women saints generally reveals a virgin woman becoming a nun and living her entire life as a monastic or becoming a martyr; and sometimes both. There are also many married martyrs who have received the crown of martyrdom while witnessing for their Faith. Thus most of their lives generally exhibit either of the two ways of life, i.e., monasticism and/or martyrdom or married life and martyrdom. However, in the case of St. FƏqƏrtä KrƏstos, amazingly she had lived all the three ways of life, which is quite unusual and rare. She was a married woman who had got married in obedience of her parents’ will and receiving the crown of martyrdom thereafter for her Faith. However what makes her life quite different from other martyrs is that she was raised by the Lord from death and had continued her third way of life as a monastic. As a result, she had lived three ways of life in one body.
Abstract: This paper is a reflexion on the three Ways of Life of St. Fǝqǝrtä Krǝstos as reflected in the Ethiopic hagiography, “Gädlä’ St. FƏqƏrtä KrƏstos” which contains her life, work, struggle, covenant and mälk’Ə. It is well known that Ethiopia had many great women martyrs and monastics that are recognized as saints by the Ethiopian Orthodox TäwhƏdo Chur...
Show More
-
A Historical and Theological Overview on the Hagiography: A Focus on the Life of Women Saints
Zewdie Gebreegziabher,
Abba Petros Solomon
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
352-359
Received:
27 October 2022
Accepted:
21 November 2022
Published:
29 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijla.20221006.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper attempts to demonstrate a historical and theological overview of hagiography by focusing on the life of women saints. The hagiographies of saints were written by different scribes in different periods of time in the progress of hagiography. In Christianity, the life of sanctity and canonization are not related to gender but the virtuousness of one’s life. Any one, male or female, who had devoted life unto God and lived a saintly life is honored by the Church and venerated as a saint. As a result the Church does not have men saints only but also has many great women saints. This act of veneration is demonstrated by the writing of their hagiographies, consecrating churches and monasteries in their names and celebrating the feast days of men and women saints. So the recognition of sainthood in the church is a matter of the sanctity of one’s life. But we cannot confuse sanctity of life with the role of men and women in the Church. Any male or female who has lived an exemplary life and reached a higher spiritual level could be recognized as a saint. The main objective of this article is to investigate the origin and development of hagiography in the Christian world with a historical and theological overview on the life of women saints. It is a part of the preliminary dissertation work of Corresponding author’s at Addis Ababa University on a prominent Ethiopian women saint with the title of “Gädlä FƏqƏrtä KrƏstos: Critical Edition with Annotated Translation.”
Abstract: This paper attempts to demonstrate a historical and theological overview of hagiography by focusing on the life of women saints. The hagiographies of saints were written by different scribes in different periods of time in the progress of hagiography. In Christianity, the life of sanctity and canonization are not related to gender but the virtuousn...
Show More
-
Sharing of Knowledge: The Pragmatism of Hangeul Creation as Concealed in Shinchoonshi
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
360-367
Received:
22 October 2022
Accepted:
18 November 2022
Published:
15 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijla.20221006.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Shinchoonshi is the longest-maintained Coterie in the 60s. Moreover, it is the Coterie founded by poets who debuted through writing contests, Shinchunmoonye by newspapers, and it reflected the vivid flow and change of the literacy geography of Korea in the 60s. Most of all, the Coterie is the evidence of the Hangeul Generation's emergence and the concealed utterance of Hangeul Consciousness visualized on it. The compilation of Shinchoonshi 13th transformed into horizontal writing and the exclusive use of Hangeul. Shin Se-Hun, the new editor and Hangeul Generation, led the Coterie under the critical acceptance of the national policy of the exclusive use of Hangeul. It is pragmatism. Just as the invention of Hangeul aimed to solve the difficulties arising from the difference between sounds and letters and to share knowledge based on Hangeul, Shinchoonshi also chose to experience the aesthetics through Hangeul. Finally, this study contradicts the research so far that Hangeul Consciousness germinated only in the literacy magazine, Ppurigipeunnamu (뿌리깊은나무) in 1976. In addition, the strategic choice of horizontal writing and the exclusive use of Hangeul was the symbolic change of the zeitgeist in the 60s literacy, confirming that Shinchoonshi was seeking a new literary subject against the current literacy cycles.
Abstract: Shinchoonshi is the longest-maintained Coterie in the 60s. Moreover, it is the Coterie founded by poets who debuted through writing contests, Shinchunmoonye by newspapers, and it reflected the vivid flow and change of the literacy geography of Korea in the 60s. Most of all, the Coterie is the evidence of the Hangeul Generation's emergence and the c...
Show More
-
Pedagogy and Socialization: Adversarial Nuances in a Ghanaian English Textbook
Juliana Daniels,
Martin Kyiileyang
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
368-373
Received:
4 November 2022
Accepted:
21 November 2022
Published:
15 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijla.20221006.15
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The school system is one world of revelation for many children. It is often an ecosphere where many things, good and bad, are learned and unlearned. In Ghana, the average primary school children are between the ages of 11 and 12 and are in their formative years where the binaries of good and evil are established, internalized, and tried. This warrants the investigation into how narratives in school textbooks in Ghana introduce adversarial binaries in terms of gender, age, character, and identity socialization in primary school children. Pivoting on Joseph LeDoux’s theory on consciousness and emotions and through a narrative inquiry where the narratives in the textbooks are the raw data, a selected primary school English textbook for primary six is analyzed to reveal the shades of rivalry and their perceived implications. The narrative structure and the connotations of the narratives are used to predict the stories’ effect on the learner’s perceptions of gender, culture, character, and identity. The study reveals that children’s literature is a veritable research arena because the content of the selected textbooks for school use provides fertile fodder for the possible imbibing of conflictual stereotypes in children during their formative years. It concludes with the need to pay absolute attention to the content of approved school textbooks for children with the view of eliminating untoward adversarial nuances. The study recommends that better scrutiny in selecting textbooks for use in Ghanaian schools to prevent unintended socialization of school children.
Abstract: The school system is one world of revelation for many children. It is often an ecosphere where many things, good and bad, are learned and unlearned. In Ghana, the average primary school children are between the ages of 11 and 12 and are in their formative years where the binaries of good and evil are established, internalized, and tried. This warra...
Show More
