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Research Article
Assessment of CD4, CD8 and White Cell Parameters Amongst HIV Seronegative Pregnant Subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
74-80
Received:
10 March 2024
Accepted:
25 March 2024
Published:
11 April 2024
Abstract: Pregnancy involves maternal immunological adjustments to accommodate the fetus and maintain a strong immune defense against potential pathogens. The present study evaluated the changes in CD4, CD8, white blood cell (WBC) and total lymphocyte count (TLC) amongst HIV seronegative pregnant subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of 302 female subjects (18-39 years) were recruited for the study. They consisted of 205 pregnant subjects and 97 non-pregnant subjects which served as the control. All subjects were screened for HIV type 1 and type 2 using standard test kits. Total and differential white blood cell counts were determined using a haematology auto analyzer while the total lymphocyte count (TLC) was obtained by multiplying total white blood cell count (TWC) with percentage lymphocyte count. The CD4 and CD8 cell counts were analyzed using the automated flow cytometry analyzer while the CD4:CD8 cell count ratio was obtained by dividing the CD4 cell count value by that of CD8. The result of the study shows a statistically significant decrease in CD4 and CD8 cell counts, lymphocyte and total lymphocyte counts and an increase in neutrophil count in all the trimesters of pregnancy when compared to the non-pregnant control (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in WBC during the third trimester and a similar decrease in monocyte count in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. The evidence from the present study concludes that pregnancy modifies the maternal immune response to ensure fetal survival and the protection of the mother from invading pathogens as reported in the increase in total WBC, neutrophil and monocyte counts and a reduction in TLC, CD4 and CD8 counts. The study recommends routine assessments of these crucial cellular immune markers for pregnant women during antenatal visits.
Abstract: Pregnancy involves maternal immunological adjustments to accommodate the fetus and maintain a strong immune defense against potential pathogens. The present study evaluated the changes in CD4, CD8, white blood cell (WBC) and total lymphocyte count (TLC) amongst HIV seronegative pregnant subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of 302 female subj...
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Research Article
Globalization and Human Mobility: In Pursuit of Labour Improvement
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
81-87
Received:
7 March 2024
Accepted:
2 April 2024
Published:
17 April 2024
Abstract: The objective of this article is to study the causes of human mobility in today's world, starting from the main cause which is the search for better job opportunities to increase their income and improve their welfare, as it is supported by the Neoclassical theory on migration. The questions established in this work to be answered are: What are the main causes of migrations? What have been its repercussions on global society? The study is based on the neoclassical migration theory, which main axis is that there are not only internal migrations, from rural to urban, but also to overseas, which have as their main cause job improvement and increasing their wage. Subsequently, in the topic of migration, economy and employment are the main causes of migration and what it entails are explored in depth, such as technological development in the host country and sending of remittances to the country of origin. In the figure there are five main reasons that are considered to be the most common causes of migrations, highlighting job improvement. Then, in the subtheme of globalization and migration, both phenomena are linked, stating that globalization has done a lot to rise the migration, since, with it, technology, social networks have been facilitated trade relations between countries and the fact that people have the impulse to migrate to always seek their social well-being.
Abstract: The objective of this article is to study the causes of human mobility in today's world, starting from the main cause which is the search for better job opportunities to increase their income and improve their welfare, as it is supported by the Neoclassical theory on migration. The questions established in this work to be answered are: What are the...
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Research Article
Environmental Taxation and Sustainable Development in Digital Pollution in México
Reyna Araceli Tirado Gálvez*
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
88-95
Received:
8 March 2024
Accepted:
23 March 2024
Published:
17 April 2024
Abstract: Environmental taxation represents an opportunity to encourage technological changes between society and the government, to avoid damage to climate change. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the care of the environment through environmental education, although environmental taxes represent an opportunity to reduce pollution, and some countries are committed to labeling environmental taxes, it would give them greater transparency about the destination of that money raised. Digital pollution has been increasing in recent years, and as a result of the global confinement and isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic, so the UN 2030 Agenda represents a great opportunity to analyze the importance of implementing a fiscal policy environment as a basis for the development of all countries in the care of the environment and sustainable development. The synthetic method was used to analyze the different bibliography in addition to the analytical and documentary method of the proposals of International Organizations and Mexican Laws on the environment. Green taxes must be on the agenda, their implementation and evaluation by governments that translate into federal, state and municipal public policies to advance care for the environment in the future.
Abstract: Environmental taxation represents an opportunity to encourage technological changes between society and the government, to avoid damage to climate change. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the care of the environment through environmental education, although environmental taxes represent an opportunity to reduce pollution, and som...
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Research Article
Anogenital Distance in Male Children with Normal External Genitelia and Those with Undescended Testis: A Comparative Study
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
96-101
Received:
23 February 2024
Accepted:
5 March 2024
Published:
10 May 2024
Abstract: Background: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a hormone dependent anatomical landmark that serves as a measure of perineal growth. Previous studies have shown that it is shorter in children with undescended testis (UDT) when compared with those with normal external genitalia (NEG). In sub-Saharan Africa, however, there is paucity of information regarding the relationship between AGD and UDT, hence the need for this study. Objective: To determine whether AGD parameters are shorter in children with UDT when compared to those with normal external genitalia. Method: Three AGD parameters were measured using a digital caliper in 86 children (43 with UDT and 43 with normal external genitalia). These parameters include anoscrotal distance (ASD), anopenal distance 1 (APD1) and anopenal distance 2 (APD2). Data was collected over a 12-month period and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 25 software. Results: Forty-three (43) boys with UDT were matched against the same number of boys with normal external genitalia in our study. There were no statistically significant differences among the two groups in the mean age, height, weight, body-mass index (BMI), gestational age and birth weight. The mean anoscrotal distance (ASD) and ASD index were 39.05±8.14 mm and 2.23±1.17mm/kg for the test group and 44.92±7.81mm and 2.79±1.07mm/kg for the control group respectively. The differences in the mean ASD and the mean ASD index between the test and the control groups were statistically significant with p < 0.05. The mean anopenile distance 1 (APD1) and anopenile distance 2 (APD2) were 77.33±13.09mm and 96.20±8.49mm for the test group and 80.63±10.15 mm and 97.48±12.86mm for the control group respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the APD1 and APD2 between the 2 groups. Conclusion: The study showed that boys with UDT had consistently shorter AGD parameters than those with well descended testis.
Abstract: Background: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a hormone dependent anatomical landmark that serves as a measure of perineal growth. Previous studies have shown that it is shorter in children with undescended testis (UDT) when compared with those with normal external genitalia (NEG). In sub-Saharan Africa, however, there is paucity of information regardin...
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