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Impact of Exclosure on Restoration of Degraded Lands and Carbon Stock Enhancement in Ethiopia, a Review
Diriba Megersa,
Leta Hailu
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
77-83
Received:
7 May 2021
Accepted:
6 July 2021
Published:
15 July 2021
Abstract: Land degradation due to forest loss is the most challenging problem in sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. The forest coverage of the country has been declined at an alarming rate. Currently, exclosure practice is part of the community mass mobilization of soil and water conservation program in the country as a means to reverse land degradation problem. The involvement of either of the exclosure intervention methods (passive or active) could enhance plant regeneration (seedlings, saplings, shrubs, under stories, and woody vegetation) including the diversity of all woody species, grass and herbs and biomass carbon stock of the terrestrial ecosystem. It then can control splash erosion by providing sufficient surface cover that reduces the amount and velocity of runoff. Additionally, the exclosure could play a significant role in generating income from non-timber forest product such as bee keeping, fattening by cut and carry feeding system to improve the livelihood of the community. These can be considered as the opportunities to promote the enclosure practice. However, the controversies are the burden of shrinkage and overstocking of livestock on the remaining grazing land, inequitable benefit-sharing for the local communities and unaccountability of exclosure management, monitoring, and lack of the management plan. These are upsetting challenges in the exclosure program of Ethiopia.
Abstract: Land degradation due to forest loss is the most challenging problem in sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. The forest coverage of the country has been declined at an alarming rate. Currently, exclosure practice is part of the community mass mobilization of soil and water conservation program in the country as a means to reverse land degradati...
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Geotechnical and Geological Analysis of Amuzukwu Landslide
Emmanuel Emeka Arinze,
Ugochukwu Nnatuanya Okonkwo,
Samad Opeyemi Afolabi,
Chioma Margaret Ahaiwe,
Michael Oduh Ojobo
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
84-89
Received:
6 July 2021
Accepted:
23 July 2021
Published:
18 August 2021
Abstract: Landslides are present in all continents playing important role in the continual evolution of this type of or similar geohazard. They constitute a serious hazard in many areas of the world. The landslide event can be single or multiple. This paper involves the geotechnical analysis of landslide that occurred in Amuzukwu Abia State Nigeria. Amuzukwu landslide of about volume 3.5 x 104 m2 which was classified as rotational has a detached surface which is roughly circular and spoon-like. The paper also discussed the manifestation, causes and effect of landslide. For geotechnical analysis, samples were collected from the site of the landslide and subjected to the following soil tests: natural moisture content, specific gravity, relative density, Atterberg limits, sieve analysis, compaction, permeability, shear strength, and unit weight. Slopes adjacent to the slides that are still intact were also analyzed using Plaxis 2D to determine their factors of safety. Both the geotechnical laboratory results and Plaxis 2D results reveal that another landslide is inevitable if the conditions of the infinite slope is not improved using the methods recommended in this paper. Some of the methods recommended include cutting back of slope to reduce its gradient, reinforcement (using Reinforced concrete), soil nailing as well as anchors and retaining structures.
Abstract: Landslides are present in all continents playing important role in the continual evolution of this type of or similar geohazard. They constitute a serious hazard in many areas of the world. The landslide event can be single or multiple. This paper involves the geotechnical analysis of landslide that occurred in Amuzukwu Abia State Nigeria. Amuzukwu...
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Contribution of Agroforestry to Woody Species Diversity and Conservation in Ginir District, Southeast Ethiopia
Hirpa Abebe,
Zebene Asfaw
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
90-99
Received:
19 May 2021
Accepted:
8 July 2021
Published:
18 August 2021
Abstract: As part of agriculture, agroforestry has great contribution as in-situ conservation for global biodiversity, because it contains different components. Besides, it improves the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by providing various products and services. However, there are limited scientific evidence and studies so far available on the roles of agroforestry to biodiversity conservation. Objective of the current study was to assess contribution of agroforestry on woody species diversity, conservation to sustain rural livelihoods at Ginir district, Southeast Ethiopia. Totally, six villages were selected based on their respective distance from the accessible roads and their agroforestry potential. A total of 70 sample HHs were randomly selected from the farmers full practiced agroforestry categories based on proportions of their representation. For the inventory of woody species, the lengths of farm boundary plantations were divided into 10 m sections. One section was selected for every 50 m of boundary length. A quadrant size of 10 m × 5 m and 50 m × 50 m were used for homegarden and parklands were conducted by taken one quadrant sample for each agroforestry practice from a house head farm. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Measurement of diversity needed to quantify and characterize agroforestry practices according to the degree of diversity and to examined the relationship of different agroforestry practices and woody species diversity at the village level and Kebeles. The result showed that 67 woody species belonging to 36 families and 58 genera were identified. Miomosoidceae was the most dominant family with 10 (15%) species, followed by Myrtaceae family with 6 (9%) species, Anacardiaceae and Rutaceae family accounted for 8 (12%). In terms of species diversity, home gardens (2.47) were more diversified than parklands (2.33) and boundary plantation (1.98) in the overall study sites. Finally, it is concluded that Agroforestry were used to maintaining or as an option for maintaining native woody species to improve the rural community livelihoods of the rural farmers.
Abstract: As part of agriculture, agroforestry has great contribution as in-situ conservation for global biodiversity, because it contains different components. Besides, it improves the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by providing various products and services. However, there are limited scientific evidence and studies so far available on the roles of agr...
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Prepare Concrete Shielding from Local Materials and Study Linear Attenuation Coefficients
Adel Abdulhadi Jawad,
Ahmed Fadel Mkhaiber,
Khaled Hadi Mahdi,
Sabah Ageeb Kassid,
Zaidoon Hafed Ibrahem
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
100-103
Received:
5 July 2021
Accepted:
16 August 2021
Published:
24 August 2021
Abstract: The shielding is considered the important ways which dependence on radiation protection as well as distance and time, the concrete is considered important used in shield against gamma ray. Concrete is a relatively low-cost material and it can be handle easily as it can be poured into various, complex shapes. The aim of this research is to verify the linear attenuation coefficient for mixing different types of cement, gravel and sand and choose the appropriate mixture to be used as a shield against gamma rays. In this research, three mixtures consisting of different types of cement available in the local market were used, as they were mixed with different amounts of sand and gravel of different sizes, and the shielding properties of these mixtures were studied against gamma rays using a gamma-ray spectroscopy consisting of NaI (Tl) detector and two sources, 60Co and 137Cs. The results shown in all the samples of the three groups are that the linear attenuation coefficients decrease with increasing the energy. The samples of concrete that contain the type KRISTAL cement have been the highest attenuation than other types of cement where results for attenuation were (0.30610), (0.22059) and (0.15253) for the energies (662, 1137 and 1332) KeV respectively. Either the samples which used different size of gravel, that the size of gravel (13 mm) have been heist attenuation that can be concluded the size (13 mm) of gravel is the best mixture of concrete to attenuation gamma ray in this research.
Abstract: The shielding is considered the important ways which dependence on radiation protection as well as distance and time, the concrete is considered important used in shield against gamma ray. Concrete is a relatively low-cost material and it can be handle easily as it can be poured into various, complex shapes. The aim of this research is to verify th...
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