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A Survey of Acaricide Use in the Control of Ectoparasites by Livestock Farmers in Sub Urban Accra, Ghana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
58-61
Received:
4 February 2014
Published:
10 March 2014
Abstract: A total of 17 acaricides were identified in 77 small holder livestock farms in suburban Accra during farm surveys to identify acaricides being used by livestock farmers. It comprised Pyrethroids, Amidines and Organophoshates. A survey of Veterinary shops in the project area showed the presence of 12 of the listed chemicals. All the acaricides showed no FDA stamp probably because of batch authorisation. LC values were also not explicitly shown on the acaricides. The Pyrethroid, Drastic Deadline, was patronised by the livestock farmers more than any other acaricide as 32.5% of the farms used it. This was followed by the Amidines, Amitraz20, used by 19.5% of farmers. This high level of variety is dangerous as it could lead to acaricide resistance, resulting especially from improperly managed tick control at the farms.
Abstract: A total of 17 acaricides were identified in 77 small holder livestock farms in suburban Accra during farm surveys to identify acaricides being used by livestock farmers. It comprised Pyrethroids, Amidines and Organophoshates. A survey of Veterinary shops in the project area showed the presence of 12 of the listed chemicals. All the acaricides showe...
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Effect of Resin Type, Pressing Temperature and Time on Particleboard Properties made from Sorghum Bagasse
Apri H Iswanto,
Irawati Azhar,
Ir. Supriyanto,
Arida Susilowati
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
62-66
Received:
1 February 2014
Published:
10 March 2014
Abstract: Sorghum bicolor L Monech part Numbu as potential materials for particleboard manufacturing due to its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content similar with wood. The objective of the research was to determine the adhesive type, pressing temperature and time on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from sorghum bagasse. Size of board was (300 x 300 x 10) mm3, 0.7 g cm-3 targeted density, 10% resin content of urea formaldehyde (UF), and Phenol Formaldehyde (PF), 7% for Isocyanate, over all based on oven-dry particles. Furnish (mixture of particle and resin) was placed in hot press machine at temperature of 120 °C and 130 °C for UF, 170 °C and 180 °C for PF, 150 °C and 160 ° C for Isocyanate. Time of pressing in this experiment was 8 and 10 minutes. The result showed that Isocyanate resin was the best resin for resulting of physical and mechanical properties. Almost all those parameters had fulfill to the requirement of JIS A5908-2003.
Abstract: Sorghum bicolor L Monech part Numbu as potential materials for particleboard manufacturing due to its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content similar with wood. The objective of the research was to determine the adhesive type, pressing temperature and time on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from sorghum bagasse. Size ...
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A Study on the Effect of Salinity Stress on the Chlorophyll Content of Certain Rice Cultivars of Kerala State of India
K. T. Chandramohanan,
V. V. Radhakrishnan,
E. Abhilash Joseph,
K. V. Mohanan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
67-70
Received:
22 January 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: Photosynthetic efficiency of a crop species depends upon factors like leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal exposure, etc. The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of salt stress on the chlorophyll content of sevenpopular rice cultivars grown in one of the saline rice habitatsof Kerala state of India such as Kuthitru, Kuttusan, Orkazhama, Chovvarian, Orthadian, Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2.The results showed general reduction in chlorophyll content in all the seven cultivars studied under salt stress. The cultivars Chovvarianand Orthadian exhibited comparatively lesser quantum of negative variation in chlorophyll content under salt stress indicating their potential to grow and perform moderately well even under higher levels of salinity.
Abstract: Photosynthetic efficiency of a crop species depends upon factors like leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal exposure, etc. The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of salt stress on the chlorophyll content of sevenpopular rice cultivars grown in one of the saline rice habitatsof Kerala state of India such as Kuthitru, Kuttusan, Orka...
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Performance of Zephyr Board Made From Various Rolling Crush Number and Palm Oil Petiole Parts
Lusita Wardani,
Massijaya Muhamad Yusram,
Yusuf Sudo Hadi,
Darmawan I. Wayan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
71-75
Received:
9 February 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of zephyr board made from palm oil petiole parts. The palm oil petiole parts were distinguished on the basis of rolling crushed number (4, 5 and 6 times,as factor A) and base, middle and upper parts of petiole (factor B). The board was made from three layers of petiole with density of 0.75g.cm⁻3 and thickness 1 cm respectively using Phenol formaldehyde (PF) with 12% resin as binding agent and compressed the board at 120ºC temperature and 25 kg/cm-2 pressure for 10 minutes. The results showed that physical properties of a zephyr board included of density, moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) were 0.74 g.cm-3, 12.32%, 29.14%, 5.19%, respectively. Mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), screw with drawl (SW) were 44.7 x 10³ kgf.cm-2, 268 kgf.cm-2, 107.32 kgf, respectively. In generally, number of rolling crushed was affected to moisture content, water absorption and MOR value whereas petiole part was significantly affected to MOR value only. Some of properties zephyr boards made from oil palmpetiole fulfill JIS A 5908-2003 standard.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of zephyr board made from palm oil petiole parts. The palm oil petiole parts were distinguished on the basis of rolling crushed number (4, 5 and 6 times,as factor A) and base, middle and upper parts of petiole (factor B). The board was made from three layers of pe...
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Effect of Integrated Use of Lime, Manure and Mineral P Fertilizer on Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Yield, P uptake and Status of Residual Soil P on Acidic Soils of Gozamin District, North-Western Ethiopia
Mekonnen Asrat,
Heluf Gebrekidan,
Markku Yli-Halla,
Bobe Bedadi,
Wakene Negassa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
76-85
Received:
18 January 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: Soil acidity problem is one of the bottlenecks to improve crop production in high rainfall regions of Ethiopia in general and in Gozamin District of Amhara region in particular. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of integrated use of lime, manure and mineral P fertilizer on acid soils for wheat production and status of residual soil P. The treatments were factorial combinations of lime, manure and P fertilizer which were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field study was conducted on Dystric Nitisols in the 2011 and 2012 main cropping seasons at Enerata Kebele, Gozamin District. Lime application hastened early germination while plant height was enhanced by interaction of lime and P. Most parameters were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by two-way interactions while three-way interactions effect increased grain and straw yield at non-significant (p > 0.05) level. In these interactions lime rates were related in quadratic trend while manure and mineral P related linearly. The combined application of 5 t manure and 2.2 t ha-1 lime increased grain and straw yield by 279% and 187%, respectively over the control treatment through economical analysis result 515 Eth. birr ($28) ha-1 profit obtained due to additional yield obtained. Although all treatments residual soil P were categorized under very low status, it has strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.79) with lime application. The present study showed the combined application of 5 t manure and 2.2 t ha-1 lime was found to be economical feasible to improve wheat yield and yield components and residual soil P of acidic soils of the study area.
Abstract: Soil acidity problem is one of the bottlenecks to improve crop production in high rainfall regions of Ethiopia in general and in Gozamin District of Amhara region in particular. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of integrated use of lime, manure and mineral P fertilizer on acid soils for wheat production and status of residual soil P...
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Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Irrigation for Boro Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh
Md. Redwanur Rahman,
Sheikh Helena Bulbul
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
86-92
Received:
18 February 2014
Published:
20 March 2014
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to find out possible effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of Boro rice. The experimental plots were laid out with 2 factors RCBD combining two modern varieties of rice viz., BRRI dhan29 and BRRI hybrid2, which received four irrigation treatments randomly and was replicated thrice. The treatments ranged from continuous submergence (T1) of the field to a number of delayed irrigations (T2, T3 and T4) denoting application of 5cm irrigation water when water level in the perforated PVC pipe fell 15, 20 and 25cm below ground level (G.L.), respectively. The study revealed that treatment T1 attributed by the highest total water use (122.2cm) and the lowest WUE (84.34kg/ha/cm) produced the lowest grain yield (4.71t/ha). Treatment T2, on the contrary, gave the highest yield (5.69 t/ha) and consequently the second highest WUE (85.55 kg/ha/cm) indicating quite a large water saving (15cm) compared to treatment T1. The yields in treatments T3 (5.45 t/ha) and T4 (5.27 t/ha) were significantly lower at 1% level of significance compared to that of treatment T1. Significant effect was found either for the treatment or for the varieties on the number of effective and total tillers hill -1, plant height, number of effective tillers hill-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index.
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to find out possible effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of Boro rice. The experimental plots were laid out with 2 factors RCBD combining two modern varieties of rice viz., BRRI dhan29 and BRRI hybr...
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Local Soil Knowledge and Its Use in Crop Allocation: Implications for Landscape-Scale Agricultural Production and Conservation Efforts in Talamanca, Costa Rica
Leigh A. Winowiecki,
Matthew P. Whelan,
Paul A. McDaniel,
Marilyn Villalobos,
Eduardo Somarriba
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
93-101
Received:
17 February 2014
Published:
30 March 2014
Abstract: Smallholder farmers have developed knowledge about soil and crop management through long-term, on-farm observations. Yet, food insecurity and land degradation continue to threaten livelihoods, globally. Part of the solution lies in linking local and scientific knowledge to develop improved agricultural strategies. We argue that incorporating farmer knowledge in the design and/or technology transfer processes of land management and restoration projects will improve the likelihood of success. The objectives of this study were to understand how farmers in the remote Cabécar communities in southeastern Costa Rica use soil knowledge to allocate and manage crops and to explore how to combine local and scientific knowledge to achieve wider adoption of sustainable agricultural techniques. Cabécar farmers in the foothills of the Talamanca Mountains practice both no-input subsistence and cash-crop farming. They cultivate both annual and perennial crops on their multi-parceled farms. Twenty-three stratified random heads of households were selected and interviewed. A variety of participatory methods were used including, participant observation (1.5 years), semi-structured interviews, farm mapping exercises, farm-transect walks and a participatory community workshop. Results indicate that farmers identified three distinct soil types using primarily soil color, texture and landscape position. Most interestingly, farmers’ understanding of soil properties was tied directly to site suitability for specific crops. While farmers identified limitations of certain soil types’ capacity to sustain a particular crop, farmers did not embark on restoration efforts or employ nutrient management techniques to improve the productivity of the soil. Furthermore, farmers had limited knowledge on processes of soil development and nutrient cycling. Instead of amending the soils to increase productivity, farmers allocated crops according to existing perceived suitability of the soil. These insights illustrate the barriers to farmer’s adoption of new agricultural strategies. These data and experiences will be used to guide future agricultural research in the region, specifically projects that promote the restoration of unproductive soils by providing alternatives to burning and incorporating organic amendments.
Abstract: Smallholder farmers have developed knowledge about soil and crop management through long-term, on-farm observations. Yet, food insecurity and land degradation continue to threaten livelihoods, globally. Part of the solution lies in linking local and scientific knowledge to develop improved agricultural strategies. We argue that incorporating farmer...
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Heat Unit, Phenology and Fruit Quality of Salak (Salacca zalacca var. Amboinensis) cv. Gulapasir on Different Elevation in Tabanan Regency-Bali
I K. Sumantra,
I N. L. Suyasdi Pura,
Sumeru Ashari
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
102-107
Received:
4 March 2014
Accepted:
9 April 2014
Published:
10 April 2014
Abstract: Each cultivar of zalacca could adapt to elevation, which has close relationship with the plant tolerance to temperature. However, heat unit of zalacca cv. Gulapasir, which are required to reach definite phase if they are grown in Tabanan areas have not known yet. The main objective of the research was to study heat unit, phenology and fruit quality of zalacca cv. Gulapasir planted on different elevation in Tabanan-Bali. The research was designed using Randomized Completely Design (RCD), with one factor as dependent variable along with ten replications. The independent variable was the site altitude of three locations that includes Saribuana village (460 m asl), Pajahan village (570 m asl), and Batungsel village (700 m asl). The phenologic determination of zalacca is based on the heat unit, which is counted using equation [(T.max + T.min)/2]-T.base, in which T.max and T.min is daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively, and T.base is the basic temperature. The parameters measured were the emergence of midrib and spatha, the numbers of fruits per bunch, fruit weight, the harvest time, the thickness of the mesocarpium, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acid levels. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance, if the test of variance showed significant difference then it would be followed by LSD test in level 5%. Result of the research showed that different heat unit causes diverse phenology of the zalacca’s components, which include the growth of midrib, the emergence of spatha, and the harvest time. Ripe-consumed zalacca was planted in Saribuana(460 m asl) in 7.4 days earlier than zalacca planted in Batungsel, which was 4.2 days earlier than others that were planted in Pajahan. The zalacca cv. Gulapasir were planted at Pajahan (570 m asl) shows the higher quality of fruit such as thickness of the mesocarpium, edible portion, TSS/total acidity ratio, and numbers of fruit then the others two elevation.
Abstract: Each cultivar of zalacca could adapt to elevation, which has close relationship with the plant tolerance to temperature. However, heat unit of zalacca cv. Gulapasir, which are required to reach definite phase if they are grown in Tabanan areas have not known yet. The main objective of the research was to study heat unit, phenology and fruit quality...
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Association Analysis of Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb.f. & Zoll) H.E. Moore) with Other Vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park
Kansih Sri Hartini,
Hadi S Alikodra,
Retno Widhiastuti,
Herman Mawengkang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
108-112
Received:
27 March 2014
Accepted:
10 April 2014
Published:
10 April 2014
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to analysis an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park. According to its conservation status, Daun Sang was including on vulnerable categories (VUD2) and its presence was limited, then the action to conserve this species in nature is very important and urgent. This species includes understorey palm, which is need to shade by other species. Purpossive sampling was used with 30 plots, sized 20 x 20 meters for Daun Sang and other vegetation at tree stage, 10 x 10 meters for other vegetation at pole stage, 5 x 5 meter for other vegetation at sapling stage and 2 x 2 meter for other vegetation at seedling stage. Analysis of vegetation was used to determine Importance Value Index, Diversity Index, Evennes Index and Richness Index. Then analysis of association was done with an interspesific association analysis, continued with Jaccard Index. The highest Importance Value Indexes for each stage of species were Aglaia edulis for seedlings and saplings, Shorea sp for poles and Shorea dealbata for trees. Diversity Index measured by Shannon Wienner Index was high (3.5-4.02), while the range of Evennes Index was 0.8-0.97 and the range of Species Richness Index was 9.04-14.43. There was an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation on seedlings and poles, which is not strong enough, and no specific association with particular species. This fact is an evidence that if there is forest disturbance, then the population of Daun Sang will be decreased.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to analysis an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park. According to its conservation status, Daun Sang was including on vulnerable categories (VUD2) and its presence was limited, then the action to conserve this species in nature is very important and urg...
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Mercury Stress Resistances in Nauclea Orientalis Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Hanna Artuti Ekamawanti,
Yadi Setiadi,
Didy Sopandie,
Dwi Andreas Santosa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
113-120
Received:
7 March 2014
Accepted:
9 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: The effect of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the resistance of mercury (Hg) in lonkida (Nauclea orientalis) seedlings were investigated using an artificially contaminated river sand media at the concentration of 0, 375 and 750 µM Hg at screen house. Mercury accumulation was lower in mycorrhizal roots than in non-mycorrhizal roots when Hg was added at the rates of 750 µM. However, Hg accumulation and its translocation to the leaves were very low, either in mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The amount of Hg retained in roots was higher than in leaves, irrespective of applying different Hg concentration. N. orientalis seedlings have a high tolerance to Hg (> 70%). Under these experimental conditions, N. orientalis shows a high resistance and capacity to retain Hg in roots. Mycorrhizal symbiosis showed a significant effect of the resistance to Hg of N. orientalis plants grown in Hg-polluted and Hg-unpolluted media. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the AM fungi observed in this study aroused an interest in considering the role of AM fungi in plant-based strategies of remediation of highly Hg-polluted soils
Abstract: The effect of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the resistance of mercury (Hg) in lonkida (Nauclea orientalis) seedlings were investigated using an artificially contaminated river sand media at the concentration of 0, 375 and 750 µM Hg at screen house. Mercury accumulation was lower in mycorrhizal roots than in non-mycorrhiz...
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Development of Farmer Support System on Dairy and Meat Industry of Goat Utilizing ICT
Teppei Hirata,
Takeshi Miyagi,
Yasunori Nagata,
Shiro Tamaki,
Tsutomu Omatsu,
Tetsuya Mizutani
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
121-127
Received:
2 April 2014
Accepted:
12 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: Recently, due to the rapid growth of population and food demand in the Asian region, animal feeding industry is more prosperous, so that animal food production is increasing remarkably in the region. That is, the livestock movement is getting more activated and expanding rapidly, accompanied by the enlarged globalization of economy and distribution in the Asian region. This movement of the livestock industry in the region will be expectedly accelerated by "Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP)". On the other hand, however, this rapidly accelerated activation and enlargement of livestock movement and transportation, contains an internal risk that the infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease may break out and prevail widely in the region. In order to reduce such a risk of spreading of livestock epidemics, it is necessary to establish a global livestock information system with up-to-date technologies to achieve the food safety of developed and relieved livestock industry in the region. However, due to the budget problem for many animal farmers and the present high-priced information and communication devices, utilization movement of the modern gadget for the small-to-medium scale animal feeding management is substantially stagnant in this region. In this paper, we propose a brand new designed system with the method of ICT applications, devices and techniques to seek for the solution to this problem, concerned with the small-to-medium scale livestock feeders. Furthermore, we examine the relationships between Machine to Machine (M2M) system, database system, and Web system; those are fundamental keystones of this newly proposed system
Abstract: Recently, due to the rapid growth of population and food demand in the Asian region, animal feeding industry is more prosperous, so that animal food production is increasing remarkably in the region. That is, the livestock movement is getting more activated and expanding rapidly, accompanied by the enlarged globalization of economy and distribution...
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Degradation of Leaf Litter of five Tree Species by Perionyx excavatus with Relation to their Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient Content
Sayantani Pattanayak,
Rupa Dasgupta,
Partha Pratim Chakravorty,
Susanta Kumar Chakraborty
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
128-132
Received:
5 February 2014
Accepted:
25 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: The ecological suitability of different leaf litter types in enhancing the biological diversity and micronutrient status in soil needs to be understood for deciding the plant species to be used for afforestration practices. The present research work was done to study the colonization of an epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus in the decomposing leaf litter of five locally important tree species- Cashew, Shal, Mango, Acacia and Eucalyptus up to a period of 90 days. The major nutrient and anti-nutrient chemical parameters of the leaf litters were compared and rates of degradation of the selected nutrient and anti-nutrient parameters were studied in laboratory microcosms. P. excavatus showed maximum colonization for Cashew followed by Shal where both these tree species exhibited comparatively lower anti-nutrient content and significantly higher rates of degradation of the selected nutrient parameters. Lowest colonization by P. excavatus was observed in case of Eu-calyptus which exhibited highest polyphenol and tannin content and significant lower rates of degradation of all the selected nutrient parameters and hence their utilization in microcosms with P. excavatus. The results indicated that lower content of tannins and polyphenols in case of Cashew and Shal can be related to the palatability of these leaf litters and thereby exhibiting maximum colonization by P. excavatus. Thus, Cashew and Shal can be considered as suitable tree species for afforestation practices for enhancing nutrient recycling and effective soil conservation.
Abstract: The ecological suitability of different leaf litter types in enhancing the biological diversity and micronutrient status in soil needs to be understood for deciding the plant species to be used for afforestration practices. The present research work was done to study the colonization of an epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus in the decomposing le...
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Influence of Small Cereal Intercropping and Additive Series of Seed Proportion on the Yield and Yield Component of Lupine (Lupinus Spp.) in North Western Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2014
Pages:
133-141
Received:
2 April 2014
Accepted:
15 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: Small cereals as a main crop and lupine as a minor crop are food crops often traditionally grown in association in North Western Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on intercropping of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgar) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in 2009 at Adet Agricultural research station. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg/ ha, sole barley at a seed rate of 125 kg/ ha, sole finger millet at a seed rate of 30 kg/ ha, sole lupine at a seed rate of 90 kg/ ha, and an additive series of 25, 50 and 75 % of the sole lupine seed rate combined with the full cereal seed rate to determine the effect of small cereal intercropping in additive series on the yield and yield component of lupine. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with nine intercropping and four sole cropping systems in three replications. Lupine was planted in rows after establishment of main crops. SAS software’s were used to compute the analysis of variance. Maximum lupine seed proportion was superior to the lowest when intercropped with wheat and finger millet. The lowest population density resulted in reduced agronomic attributes of lupine. Intercropping higher proportion of lupine with wheat and finger millet did help much in increasing grain yield and biomass yield of lupine without affecting cereal crop yield. However, nearly complete dominance of barley over lupine at all seeding ratios leads to absolute reduction in grain yield. The lupine-finger millet mixture at the 50:100 and 75:100 seeding ratio and lupine-wheat mixture at the 75:100 seeding ratio had a higher yield advantage of intercropping for exploiting the resources of the environment compared with the other intercropping systems.
Abstract: Small cereals as a main crop and lupine as a minor crop are food crops often traditionally grown in association in North Western Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on intercropping of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgar) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in 2009 at Adet Agricultural research stat...
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