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Research Article
A Representation of an Octonionic Interaction of Color Quarks with the Application of Feynman Diagram
Arun Kumar Rathore*
,
Bhupesh Chandra Chanyal
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
44-51
Received:
21 January 2025
Accepted:
20 February 2025
Published:
3 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20251402.11
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Abstract: The SU(3) flavour symmetry for quarks and antiquarks has been demonstrated via the complexified octonion space, where the six complex octonion operators are essentially identical to the SL(3,C) group generators. It has been developed an extensive analysis of the quark flavour theory in the context of complex-octonion space by analyzing the connection between octonions and the SU(3) group. Therefore, it is argued that the extended theory of quark flavors, which preserves the property of non-commutativity, is the complexified variant of octonions. This theoretical model may be further extended to the SU(3) color symmetry, which is regarded as an exact symmetry. In this work, to gain a complete understanding of quark color theory in the framework of complex octonionic space, we have derived the relationship between octonions and the SU(3)c color group. It has been studied that only eight possibilities of paired gluons are available to provide colorless states of hadrons in order to represent theoretically the octonion glueballs. With the help of Feynman diagrams, we examined the octonionic interaction of color quarks (such as quark-quark, quark anti-quark, and anti-quarks anti-quarks interactions). For the interactions, we have obtained the complex octonion algebraic form of the interaction term, propagator, vertex factor, and color factor. Most importantly, we have examined the conditions for valid and invalid interactions for the complex-octonion formalism.
Abstract: The SU(3) flavour symmetry for quarks and antiquarks has been demonstrated via the complexified octonion space, where the six complex octonion operators are essentially identical to the SL(3,C) group generators. It has been developed an extensive analysis of the quark flavour theory in the context of complex-octonion space by analyzing the connecti...
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Research Article
Spectroscopic Study of the Doubly Excited 1Ge and 3Ge Even States of the Z = 8 Heliumoid System Converging to the N = 3 Threshold of the Residual Ion
Oumar Ndiaye*,
Nogaye Ndiaye,
Oumar Tidiane Ba,
Djicknack Dione,
Papa Macoumba Faye,
Moussa Hamady Sy,
Jean Paul Latyr Faye,
Alassane Traore,
Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
52-59
Received:
6 May 2024
Accepted:
27 May 2024
Published:
31 March 2025
Abstract: Doubly excited systems, particularly in heliumoid configurations, represent a complex area of research due to the strong interactions between the electrons. The diagonalization method is a powerful technique for studying these systems, simplifying the problem to a system of linear algebraic equations. This method makes it possible to obtain resonance parameters, such as energies E and partial widths Γ, with great precision. In the literature, there are no experimental measurements of the energies of doubly excited states in heliumoid systems, nor of the associated partial widths. The theoretical results available are few and often show inconsistencies. Moreover, even states have not yet been treated exhaustively using diagonalization or other theoretical methods. In this work, we focus on doubly excited resonances of 1,3Ge symmetry sublevels. Using a diagonalization method, we have performed robust numerical calculations to determine the resonance parameters (energies E and widths Γ) of the (3l1kl2) 1,3Ge states of the ion. The numerical advantages of the diagonalization method make it possible to obtain these resonance parameters simply and accurately. We report for the first time the resonance parameters of the 1,3Ge states, including E energies and Γ partial widths. The calculations have shown high accuracy, with results consistent with the few existing theoretical data. This study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of doubly excited states in heliumoid systems. These results fill a gap in the literature and provide a solid basis for future theoretical and experimental studies. The numerical advantages of the diagonalization method make it a technique of choice for the study of complex quantum systems. The results obtained pave the way for further investigations into other configurations and symmetries of doubly excited states. They also encourage the development of experimental measurements to validate theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of self-ionization processes in multi-electron ions.
Abstract: Doubly excited systems, particularly in heliumoid configurations, represent a complex area of research due to the strong interactions between the electrons. The diagonalization method is a powerful technique for studying these systems, simplifying the problem to a system of linear algebraic equations. This method makes it possible to obtain resonan...
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Research Article
Relativity Theory for All Velocities vc Based on Single Transformation Law for 4-Vectors and Tensors
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
60-79
Received:
21 December 2024
Accepted:
8 January 2025
Published:
10 April 2025
Abstract: Relativity theory based on a single transformation law (STL) for 4-vectors and tensors under universal rotation matrix (URM) on a unit circle satisfies principle of relativity, conservation laws and new symmetry valid for vc. This model can be called as relativity theory for all velocities (RTAV). The framework of relativity theory under universal Lorentz transformation matrix (ULTM) on a unit hyperbola gave form invariance of spacetime laws of physics for vc such that spacetime as a whole remains same for all observers. We consider the transformation of electrodynamic laws consisting of electromagnetic field (EMF), Maxwell’s equations (ME) and conservation law in tensor components form. STL under URM gives rise to new symmetry of EMF, ME and conservation law along their diagonals. These terms constitute structure of zero-point electrodynamics (ZPE). Matrix method and Einstein’s summation convention method (ESCM) are employed. Both methods agree up to the transformation of EMF, ME but differ in the transformation of conservation law. Usual electrodynamics remains same for all observers without being affected by ZPE. Conservation law in matrix method holds as usual. In ESCM, zero-point conservation appears as 4D EM wave while conservation law itself becomes 7D EM wave. In quantum theory zero-point energy violates conservation law whereas in our model ZPE is necessary to validate form invariance of spacetime laws and conservation law. This model of relativity is equally valid for noninertial frame.
Abstract: Relativity theory based on a single transformation law (STL) for 4-vectors and tensors under universal rotation matrix (URM) on a unit circle satisfies principle of relativity, conservation laws and new symmetry valid for vc. This model can be called as relativity theory for all velocities (RTAV). The framework of relativity theory under universal ...
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Research Article
Mechanism of Salt's Surface Crystallization at Djègbadji Salt Marshes, Benin (West Africa)
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
80-90
Received:
4 February 2025
Accepted:
19 February 2025
Published:
14 April 2025
Abstract: Salt production, a key component of the local economy, relies on complex natural processes, particularly capillary rise and surface crystallization. In Djègbadji, Republic of Benin, salt is produced by boiling brine, which is obtained through the leaching of salt-laden soils. Although this traditional method has been practiced for generations, it is highly dependent on the hydrodynamic properties of the environment and the specific characteristics of hydromorphic soils, which influence the movement of water and salts. In these salt marshes, the interactions between water, soil, and air play a crucial role in salt formation and concentration. However, a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains a scientific challenge. This study employs theoretical and experimental approaches to analyze these phenomena. The one-dimensional Terzaghi equation is used to model the interactions between soil parameters and capillary forces, while the Navier-Stokes equation is applied to examine salt crystallization. These tools provide a deeper insight into the physical dynamics governing this unique ecosystem, enabling a better understanding of water and salt migration. By integrating numerical modeling, this research aims for a sustainable optimization of salt production techniques. The expected results will contribute to better resource management, while offering perspectives for improving local salt production and its adaptation to current environmental challenges.
Abstract: Salt production, a key component of the local economy, relies on complex natural processes, particularly capillary rise and surface crystallization. In Djègbadji, Republic of Benin, salt is produced by boiling brine, which is obtained through the leaching of salt-laden soils. Although this traditional method has been practiced for generations, it i...
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Review Article
Physics of the Universe in a Model with Minimum Initial Entropy I the Universe Structure
Petro Olexiyovych Kondratenko*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
91-110
Received:
6 February 2025
Accepted:
3 March 2025
Published:
14 April 2025
Abstract: Part I of this review presents a model of the creation of the Universe with minimal initial entropy (UMIE). The UMIE model is based on the Laws of Unity and Similarity in the Universe and is also created in such a way that it does not violate the laws of physics. In the UMIE model, our Universe is described as part of the Super-Universe, which consists of four separate layers with different spatial dimensions: zero-dimensional space (World-1), one-dimensional space (World-2), two-dimensional space (World-3) and our three-dimensional space (World-4). The time and information coordinates are common to all layers. The information coordinate sets the structure of the Super-Universe, that is, from the very beginning, the embryos of future stars were created and united into the embryos of future galaxies, which in turn were united into the embryos of galaxy clusters. Through World-1, the Scalar Field (SF) enters at a constant speed, filling all layers with particles and fields. World-1 sets a quantum of time, the value of which is determined by the Planck time. In World-2, Planck particles are born, and in World-3, quarks. In the Universe, the SF forms all known particles, atomic nuclei, atoms, and molecules, as well as massive bodies and their systems, increasing their mass at a constant speed. At the same time, radiation processes occur that cause the heating of matter. This mechanism ensures the presence of high temperatures in the central regions of stars and planets.
Abstract: Part I of this review presents a model of the creation of the Universe with minimal initial entropy (UMIE). The UMIE model is based on the Laws of Unity and Similarity in the Universe and is also created in such a way that it does not violate the laws of physics. In the UMIE model, our Universe is described as part of the Super-Universe, which cons...
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Review Article
Physics of the Universe in a Model with Minimum Initial Entropy II Physical Interactions
Petro Olexiyovych Kondratenko*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
111-129
Received:
5 March 2025
Accepted:
21 March 2025
Published:
28 April 2025
Abstract: This is the second part of the review, in which physical interactions are outlined from the point of view of the model of the Universe creation with minimal initial entropy (UMIE). The UMIE model is based on the Laws of Unity and Similarity in the Universe and is also created in such a way that it does not violate the laws of physics. The structure of the Universe, as part of the Super-Universe, is described in the first part of this review. According to the UMIE model, the Scalar Field (SF) enters through World-1 at a constant speed, filling all layers with particles and fields. World-1 sets the quantum of time, the value of which is determined by the Planck time. Planck particles were born in World-2, and quarks were born in World-3. SF ensures the presence of a mass of particles and also forms the interaction between the elements of each hierarchical level of the Universe. Since the Universe is represented by 7 hierarchical levels, 7 types of fundamental interactions are realized in it. The review describes from new positions all 7 types of fundamental interactions: weak, strong, electromagnetic, as well as 4 types of gravitational interactions. It is shown that SF and gravitational waves are multidimensional, which results in weak corresponding interactions. It is shown that the constant gravitational interaction between stars in a galaxy exceeds the corresponding constant at the planetary level, while the interaction between galaxies is lower, and between galaxy clusters is even lower, which can be perceived as the addition of repulsive forces at the corresponding level.
Abstract: This is the second part of the review, in which physical interactions are outlined from the point of view of the model of the Universe creation with minimal initial entropy (UMIE). The UMIE model is based on the Laws of Unity and Similarity in the Universe and is also created in such a way that it does not violate the laws of physics. The structure...
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