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The Mechanical Invariance Factor in Musical Acoustics and Perception (Revisited)
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2018
Pages:
1-13
Received:
18 September 2017
Accepted:
8 October 2017
Published:
21 November 2017
Abstract: Mechanical, acoustical, and neurophysiological investigations in music, acoustics, and auditory perception repose on the Pythagorean string ratio theory of musical pitch intervals (6th century B.C). Recently, the mechanical validity of the string ratio theory and its psychological import have been challenged and denied on grounds of invariance. In this regard, Essien (2014) demonstrated experimentally that, contrary to established tradition in physics of sound, the tension of a string is not constant when string length is modified even though the balanced-force exerted on the string is held constant. The data revealed the existence of two sources of force in a vibrating string: (1) The oppositely-directed force applied externally to the string (labelled Fex); (2) The force that is the intrinsic property of the string (labelled Fin). The latter is the missing parameter in Pythagorean auditory psychophysics. The omission lured researchers into acoustics and neurophysiology of pitch without an invariant physical correlate of pitch. Essien’s (2014) data showed that all transformations to string length or the balanced-force exerted on a string are various ways to modify the string’s resistance to deformation. Thus, the force in a string varies inversely with string length even though Fex is held constant. In the present paper, string length is shown to have very little or no effect at all on a string’s vibrational frequency and subjective pitch. Because psychoacoustic theories of hearing are founded on the string ratio theory, the data not only offer the missing psychological element that deprived the string ratio theory of a scientific status, but also refute both Ohm’s acoustical law (1843) and Helmholtz’s resonance theory (1877). The force in a string is portrayed as the mechanical parameter in control of pitch regardless of vibrational frequency or spectral structure. Implications for future research in musical acoustics and auditory perception are discussed.
Abstract: Mechanical, acoustical, and neurophysiological investigations in music, acoustics, and auditory perception repose on the Pythagorean string ratio theory of musical pitch intervals (6th century B.C). Recently, the mechanical validity of the string ratio theory and its psychological import have been challenged and denied on grounds of invariance. In ...
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The Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ Sorption in Sorbents with Different Functional Groups
Abbasov Aliaddin Dayyanoglu,
Mamedova Fizza Sadikhkizi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2018
Pages:
14-20
Received:
3 November 2017
Accepted:
13 November 2017
Published:
5 December 2017
Abstract: The equilibrium condition and kinetics of the sorption of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions with Amberlite İRC 748 (with iminodiacetic group, Na+), Duolite C 467 (with amino-fosfon group, Na+), Dowex MAC-3 (with carboxyl group, H+) and Amberlite İR 120 (with sulpho-group, H+) cationites have been studied and thermodynamic parameters of the processes have been calculated on the basis of data gained from the equilibrium and kinetic studies. Sorption isotherms have been organized and relevant equations have been suggested. It has been defined that the kinetics of the processes in the selected concentrations under the control of the internal diffusion. Kinetic parameters have been calculated and it has been noted that heat release and entropy reduction are managed with enthalpy factor.
Abstract: The equilibrium condition and kinetics of the sorption of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions with Amberlite İRC 748 (with iminodiacetic group, Na+), Duolite C 467 (with amino-fosfon group, Na+), Dowex MAC-3 (with carboxyl group, H+) and Amberlite İR 120 (with sulpho-group, H+) cationites have been studied and thermodynamic parameters of the processes h...
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New Trend in Radiation Dosimeters
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2018
Pages:
21-30
Received:
30 September 2017
Accepted:
24 October 2017
Published:
14 December 2017
Abstract: A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation. It is used for human radiation protection as a measurement of dose in both medical and industrial processes. This study aimed to identify and highlight the new technology in the types of radiation dosimeters. The study comprises a personal selection of recent reports from radiology journals and Medline searches which highlighted the new trend in radiation dosimeters. Radiation dosimeters and dosimetry systems come in many shapes and forms. They rely on numerous physical effects for storage and readout of the dosimetric signal. The four most commonly used radiation dosimeters are: Ionization chambers; Radiographic films; Thermoluminescent dosimeter systems (TLDs); Silicon diode dosimetry systems (Diodes). There are a variety of electronic dosimetry systems that can monitor any work environment. Electronic dosimeters protect the wearer from the harmful effects of radiation by tracking changes in exposure and keeping an ongoing record of the user’s dose over time. Combined with access control systems, it is possible to limit total exposure to radiation and control access to radiological areas. Dosimetry readers, ensure accurate radiation exposure monitoring. Manual and automated systems for whole body, extremity, neutron, and environmental monitoring are easy to operate, service, and maintain. Extremity dosimeter is a disk dosimeter designed for nuclear power or nuclear medicine personnel that have a high risk of exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly on their hands, due to their work in close proximity to radiation materials and radiation producing equipment.
Abstract: A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation. It is used for human radiation protection as a measurement of dose in both medical and industrial processes. This study aimed to identify and highlight the new technology in the types of radiation dosimeters. The study comprises a personal selection of recent reports fr...
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Influence of the Fringe Fields in Microchannel Amplifiers Design
Valentin Ivanov,
Igor Turchanovsky
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2018
Pages:
31-33
Received:
7 November 2017
Accepted:
16 November 2017
Published:
14 December 2017
Abstract: Description of mathematical model for the fringe fields in photo detectors based on microchannel plates (MCP) is given. Normally the fringe field calculation requires complex and time-consuming computations using three-dimensional commercial codes. The original semi-analytic model suggested in the paper. This model is based on the mapping procedure for pre-calculated universal fringe field patterns for channels with specific values of the diameter and applied voltages. A fast algorithm can be used for metal channels with metal deposition on the edge and without it. Comparisons of numerical and experimental data are given. The dependencies of major device parameters vs. of applied voltage, pore size, and magnetic field magnitude have been studied.
Abstract: Description of mathematical model for the fringe fields in photo detectors based on microchannel plates (MCP) is given. Normally the fringe field calculation requires complex and time-consuming computations using three-dimensional commercial codes. The original semi-analytic model suggested in the paper. This model is based on the mapping procedure...
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Hypothetical Flora and Fauna on the Planet Venus Found by Revision of the TV Experiment Data (1975–1982)
Leonid Ksanfomality,
Arnold Selivanov,
Yuryi Gektin
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2018
Pages:
34-47
Received:
11 October 2017
Accepted:
13 November 2017
Published:
11 January 2018
Abstract: We present the results of new processing the archival telemetry data, returned from the surface of Venus by the VENERA spacecraft landers in 1975 and 1982. Reprocessing of the unique data with up-to-date techniques resulted in substantial improvement of the level of details. New analysis of the VENERA television images led to detection and identification of a dozen of hypothetical living-like objects. Many objects with a complex regular structure and presumably very slow motions (in the case of hypothetical fauna) have been found. These sizable objects may potentially indicate the existence of life on Venus with its radically different physical conditions. We call for a new special mission, much more sophisticated than the VENERA missions (1975–1982), should be urgently carried out to investigate the hypothetical life on Venus.
Abstract: We present the results of new processing the archival telemetry data, returned from the surface of Venus by the VENERA spacecraft landers in 1975 and 1982. Reprocessing of the unique data with up-to-date techniques resulted in substantial improvement of the level of details. New analysis of the VENERA television images led to detection and identifi...
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Intensification of Heat Transfer Processes in the Low Temperature Short Heat Pipes with Laval Nozzle Formed Vapour Channel
Arkady Vladimirovich Seryakov
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2018
Pages:
48-61
Received:
6 December 2017
Accepted:
24 December 2017
Published:
11 January 2018
Abstract: The results of flow studies of moist vapour in Laval-liked vapour channels of short linear heat pipes (HPs) are presented. The increase in heat transfer coefficient of short linear HPs, intended for creation the cooling systems of heat-stressed designs of spacecraft is carried out by making the HPs vapour channel forms of the Laval-liked nozzle. Comparison of the heat transfer coefficients of short HPs with the standard cylindrical vapour channel and the channel, made in the Laval nozzle form with the equality of all dimensions, flat evaporator shows that the HPs with the Laval-liked nozzle vapour channel exceeds the heat transfer characteristics of the standard HPs with a cylindrical vapour channel under high thermal loads. The study of the flow and condensation in such shaped vapour channels of the short HPs at high thermal loads gives an opportunity to analyze in detail the advantages of using such HPs. Capacitive sensors are additionally installed in cooled top covers of the HPs, and electromagnetic pulses with a frequency of 100 kHz were supplied to them from the external generator. At heating the HPs evaporator, starting from a certain thermal power threshold value, electromagnetic pulses became modulated. It is related with the formations of the boiling process in the capillary-porous evaporator and large amount of vapour over it and its discontinuous distribution. An analytical and numerical evaluation are applied to study the duration of the occurring pulsations, and the analytical results are compared with numerical and experimentally obtained values of the pulsations periods.
Abstract: The results of flow studies of moist vapour in Laval-liked vapour channels of short linear heat pipes (HPs) are presented. The increase in heat transfer coefficient of short linear HPs, intended for creation the cooling systems of heat-stressed designs of spacecraft is carried out by making the HPs vapour channel forms of the Laval-liked nozzle. Co...
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