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Electron Impact Ionization of Metastable 3S-State Hydrogen Atoms by Electrons in Coplanar Geometry
Sunil Dhar,
Tania Noor,
Farhana Shirin Chowdhury
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
261-266
Received:
21 September 2015
Accepted:
4 October 2015
Published:
19 October 2015
Abstract: In this work we have calculated first born triple differential cross sections (TDCS) for ionization of metastable 3S- state hydrogen atoms by electrons. In this study the final state wave function is described by a multiple scattering theory for ionization of hydrogen atoms by electrons. Results show qualitative agreement with other existing theoretical results for ionization of hydrogen atoms from metastable 2S-state and 2P-state. There are no other available results for ionization of hydrogen atoms from metastable 3S-state. The present result offers an extensive scope for experimental verifications in such ionization process.
Abstract: In this work we have calculated first born triple differential cross sections (TDCS) for ionization of metastable 3S- state hydrogen atoms by electrons. In this study the final state wave function is described by a multiple scattering theory for ionization of hydrogen atoms by electrons. Results show qualitative agreement with other existing theore...
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Light Speed in Vacuum Is not a Constant and Time Doesn’t Change with Velocity – Discrepancies Between Relativities and Yangton & Yington Theory
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
267-273
Received:
3 October 2015
Accepted:
15 October 2015
Published:
10 December 2015
Abstract: Light Speed in vacuum, instead of being a constant, it changes with those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins. Time, on the other hand, instead of moving slower with the traveler, it always keeps the same rate. These facts disagree with Einstein’s Special Relativity. Light speed in vacuum is a constant only if it is observed from light origins and those positions in stationary with light origins in Absolute Space System. This is because the emission of a Yangton and Yington circulation pair (Wu’s Particle or Still Photon) from the surface of a matter (String Structure or Higgs Boson) to form a free photon traveling in vacuum is a Non-Inertia Transformation and it only requires a small fixed amount of Force of Separation. Since light speed is not a constant to those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins, Velocity Time Dilation derived from Einstein’s Special Relativity is not true and could never exist. Absolute Space System, Vision of Light and Non-Inertia Transformation are introduced to explain the relationships between Space, Time and Relativities. Doppler Effect, Blue Shift and Red shift are due to the Non-Inertia Transformation of light emission. Length contraction is caused by the difference of Visions of Light instead of Velocity Time Dilation. In an Inertia System, because of the same Visions of Light, the same light speeds in vacuum can be observed by all observers. Furthermore, Michelson - Morley Experiment proves that for two split light beams traveling in vacuum, the same light speeds can also be observed. Time is the measurement of the cycles of a fundamental process from start to end of an event. Both time and light speed at large gravitational field have relatively slower rates, which may be caused by the longer period and lower frequency of Yangton and Yington circulation due to the influence of large gravitational field. This agrees well with Gravitational Time Dilation in Einstein’s General Relativity.
Abstract: Light Speed in vacuum, instead of being a constant, it changes with those observers moving at different speeds and directions with respect to light origins. Time, on the other hand, instead of moving slower with the traveler, it always keeps the same rate. These facts disagree with Einstein’s Special Relativity. Light speed in vacuum is a constant ...
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Investigation on the Performance of an Organic Solar Cell by the Modification of Cathode with Lanthanum Fluoride Thin Layer
Md. Shahinul Islam,
Golam Saklayen,
Hartmut Baerwolff,
Abu Bakar Md. Ismail
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
274-280
Received:
3 July 2015
Accepted:
9 July 2015
Published:
14 December 2015
Abstract: Performance of organic solar cell (OSC) using the modification of cathode has been investigated in this research. OSC has been fabricated using the blend of P3HT (poly (3-hexylthiophene)) and PCBM (Phenyl C61 butyric acid methylester) at 1:1 ratio. E-beam evaporated indium tin oxide (ITO) has been used as the anode. A novel bi-layer of e-beam-evaporated LaF3 and Al (LaF3/Al) has been used as the cathode. The morphology of the ITO, P3HT: PCBM and LaF3 layer has been investigated by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). LaF3 layer between P3HT: PCBM and Al layer was found to influence the reverse current, open-circuit voltage and efficiency of OSC. Various thicknesses of LaF3 layer have been investigated, and 3nm thick LaF3 layer was found to be the optimum thickness for the enhancement of the various solar-cell parameters of our fabricated OSC. The effect of annealing on the performance of the cell has been also investigated. The post-fabrication annealed devices, with or without the LaF3 layer, exhibited higher values of short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage than those of similar devices annealed before depositing the Al metal. It was found that annealing at 150°C for 20 minutes provided the best result. The overall power conversion efficiency was found to enhance several times than that of the conventional structure of OSC having only Al as the cathode. Altogether the experimental results show that bi-layer of LaF3/Al cathode could enhance the overall performance of OSC.
Abstract: Performance of organic solar cell (OSC) using the modification of cathode has been investigated in this research. OSC has been fabricated using the blend of P3HT (poly (3-hexylthiophene)) and PCBM (Phenyl C61 butyric acid methylester) at 1:1 ratio. E-beam evaporated indium tin oxide (ITO) has been used as the anode. A novel bi-layer of e-beam-evapo...
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Spatial Super-Compression of the Continuous Media in High-Frequency Fields
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
281-286
Received:
17 November 2015
Accepted:
1 December 2015
Published:
18 December 2015
Abstract: Firstly there is established unknown early the spatial super-compression of continuous media at the open air atmosphere which is caused by self-organizing criticality and accompanied with electromagnetic radiation of high energy. Also during the spatial super-compression the glowing of the continuous media with high extent of ionization is observed. The presented experiments are a total analysis of the previously works which were discussed in the articles on this theme. The experiments show that energy of HF sound transforms into the energy HF electromagnetic field. This process leads to the spatial super-compression of gas. This phenomenon was researched using the dynamic emitter as during outflowing of gas from it as without it. The experiments were carried out as during supplying of HF electromagnetic field, as without it. But at the both cases the spatial super-compression and glowing of the continuous media were observed. Early at our previously works we discussed super-compression of submerged supersonic jet and its high energy emitting which was registered by standard spectrographs. Characteristics of obtained spectrums attest about the emitting at violet, ultraviolet areas and also X-ray area.
Abstract: Firstly there is established unknown early the spatial super-compression of continuous media at the open air atmosphere which is caused by self-organizing criticality and accompanied with electromagnetic radiation of high energy. Also during the spatial super-compression the glowing of the continuous media with high extent of ionization is observed...
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Impurity Binding Energyin Quantum Dots with Parabolic Confinement in the Presence of Electric Field
Arnold Abramov,
Zhiya Zhao,
Alexander Kostikov
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
287-290
Received:
18 November 2015
Accepted:
30 November 2015
Published:
20 December 2015
Abstract: We present an efficient method for calculation of the impurity binding energy in a quantum dot with parabolic confinement in the presence of the electric field. The unknown wave function is expanded into a basis of one-dimensional harmonic oscillator states describing the electron's movement perpendicular to the plane of quantum well. Green's function technique used to calculate the coefficients of the expansion. Binding energy of impurity states is defined as poles of the wave function. Developed method applied to calculation of impurity binding energy for different position of impurity and the intensity of electric field.
Abstract: We present an efficient method for calculation of the impurity binding energy in a quantum dot with parabolic confinement in the presence of the electric field. The unknown wave function is expanded into a basis of one-dimensional harmonic oscillator states describing the electron's movement perpendicular to the plane of quantum well. Green's funct...
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Eigenvalues of the Schrödinger Equation for a Periodic Potential
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
291-295
Received:
11 December 2015
Accepted:
23 December 2015
Published:
4 January 2016
Abstract: By studying the application of the asymptotic iteration method, we found a new numerical results of the eigenvalues for non-quasi-exactly solvable periodic potential. In addition to that, the results we get for quasi-exactly solvable solution are typical to the results achieved by Qiong-Tao Xie [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 44 (2011) 285302].
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Study of the Zeeman Structure and the Gyromagnetic Ratios of the 2p4f and 3p4f Configurations of the Carbon and Silicon Atoms
Galina Pavlovna Anisimova,
Olga Aleksandrovna Dolmatova,
Anna Petrovna Gorbenko,
Igor Ratmirovich Krylov,
Igor Cheslavovich Mashek,
Martin Tchoffo,
Galina Aleksandrovna Tsygankova
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
296-303
Received:
14 December 2015
Accepted:
21 December 2015
Published:
4 January 2016
Abstract: The present article is a continuation of the authors works devoted to the theoretical study of the fine structure parameters, and other atom characteristics, for which there are no experimental data except for energies of levels of the fine structure. The authors have studied Zeeman structure of the 2p4f and 3p4f configurations and revealed its particular features — crossings and anticrossings of the magnetic sublevels. From splittings of levels in the assured linear range, the authors have calculated gyromagnetic ratios and compared them with their counterparts in the absence of the field. The study of the Zeeman structure is interesting in its own right. Furthermore, through Zeeman splitting in the linear domain of the magnetic field, one can determine the gyromagnetic ratios — one of the most important characteristics of the atoms. Calculation of the Zeeman structure is correct, if in the absence of the field, during the diagonalisation of the energy operator matrix, one obtains the calculated energies, practically coinciding with experimental values (zero energy residuals). To this effect it is necessary to know the numerical values of fine structure parameters. Their exact calculation is possible, if in the energy operator matrix one takes into account not only the electrostatic interaction and the spin-own orbit interaction, where the majority of authors are limited, but also the magnetic interactions, namely: spin-other-orbit, spin-spin, and also the orbit-orbit interactions. Consideration of these interactions is very important for the obtaining null residuals in energy. It is known that, by increasing the role of the magnetic interactions, a deviation from LS-coupling is observed. This is realize in the studied 2p4f C I and 3p4f Si I systems. Authors executed calculations in the jK-coupling approximation taking into account the doublet character of the energy spectra of the considered systems. Later the numerical value of fine structure parameters were introduced in the energy operator matrix; written in the LK and LS-coupling approximations. This was very useful, as gyromagnetic ratios, calculated by intermediate coupling coefficients in different basis, do not always coincide with each other. The comparison of g-factors, determined by different bases in the absence of the field, with the gyromagnetic ratios, calculated by Zeeman splitting was necessary.
Abstract: The present article is a continuation of the authors works devoted to the theoretical study of the fine structure parameters, and other atom characteristics, for which there are no experimental data except for energies of levels of the fine structure. The authors have studied Zeeman structure of the 2p4f and 3p4f configurations and revealed its par...
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