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The Fine-Structure Parameters and Zeeman Splitting of Levels of the Configurations 1sni (n = 7 − 10) of the Helium Atom
Galina Pavlovna Anisimova,
Igor Cheslavovich Mashek,
Olga Aleksandrovna Dolmatova,
Anna Petrovna Gorbenko,
Robert Ivanovich Semenov,
Martin Luther Tchoffo,
Galina Aleksandrovna Tsygankova
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
143-151
Received:
28 May 2014
Accepted:
29 May 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: By the semiempirical method in the intermediate coupling, the fine-structure parameters of 1sni Helium atom configurations were determined from the resolution of the system of nonlinear equations by the Newton’s iteration method. The system is based on an energy operator nondiagonal matrix, in which the following interactions were taken into account: the electrostatic, the spin-orbit (own and other) and the spin-spin interactions. With the obtained fine-structure parameters, the numerical diagonalization of the energy operator matrix was effected. The result was the calculated energies, coinciding to last digit with the experimental analogues, and the intermediate coupling coefficients. The gyromagnetic ratios of the 3I6 and 1I6 levels were determined and the appreciation of the character of the coupling in the consider systems was done. The Zeeman structure of the 1sni configurations was investigated. Its particularity and the domain of linearity of the magnetic field were determined. The gyromagnetic ratios of all the four configurations levels were calculated by the magnetic component splitting.
Abstract: By the semiempirical method in the intermediate coupling, the fine-structure parameters of 1sni Helium atom configurations were determined from the resolution of the system of nonlinear equations by the Newton’s iteration method. The system is based on an energy operator nondiagonal matrix, in which the following interactions were taken into accoun...
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The Integral Energy-Momentum 4-Vector and Analysis of 4/3 Problem Based on the Pressure Field and Acceleration Field
Sergey Grigor'yevich Fedosin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
152-167
Received:
10 June 2014
Accepted:
20 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: As a result of integration of the equations of motion with regard to the pressure field and acceleration field the system’s integral energy-momentum 4-vector is found. It is shown that this vector in the covariant theory of gravitation must be equal to zero. This allows us to explain the 4/3 problem and the problem of neutrino energy in an ideal spherical supernova collapse. At the same time, in order to describe the system’s state, instead of the integral 4-vector we must use the four-momentum, which is derived from the Lagrangian. The described approach differs substantially from the results of the general theory of relativity, in which the integral 4-vector serves as the system’s four-momentum, and the stress-energy tensor of the gravitational field is replaced by the corresponding pseudotensor.
Abstract: As a result of integration of the equations of motion with regard to the pressure field and acceleration field the system’s integral energy-momentum 4-vector is found. It is shown that this vector in the covariant theory of gravitation must be equal to zero. This allows us to explain the 4/3 problem and the problem of neutrino energy in an ideal sp...
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Multi-Wavelength Raman Characterization of Back-Gated Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene
Maedeh Arvani,
Mahdi Aghajanloo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
168-172
Received:
11 June 2014
Accepted:
9 July 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: In this work, we investigate the Raman spectrum of gated monolayer and bilayer graphene devices. We used Raman spectroscopy with three different excitation wavelengths: (488nm, 514nm and 633nm). After producing graphene sheets by scotch tape technique, Raman spectrometry used to distinguish between bilayer, mono layer and other few layer of graphene. We contact the wires on the flakes using micro-soldering method then we applied gate voltage on monolayer and bilayer graphene and investigate the changes in peak of the Raman spectra in different wavelengths in different voltages. Raman spectroscopy probes phonons as well as electronic states. If the electronic dispersion changes, the Raman spectrum will also changes. The shifts of the Raman spectra peaks of the monolayer and bilayer are explained in the current work. Charge carrier concentration as a function of gate voltage in gated graphene is shown as well as the position of the G peak and 2D peak graphene versus gate voltage. For monolayer devices we observed the expected behavior for doped devices. For bilayer devices, we present a comparison between the theoretical model and our experimental results.
Abstract: In this work, we investigate the Raman spectrum of gated monolayer and bilayer graphene devices. We used Raman spectroscopy with three different excitation wavelengths: (488nm, 514nm and 633nm). After producing graphene sheets by scotch tape technique, Raman spectrometry used to distinguish between bilayer, mono layer and other few layer of graphen...
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On the Origin of the Observer
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
173-177
Received:
5 June 2014
Accepted:
22 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Observer is a fundamental element of physics and science in general. It also plays an important role in modern psychology as an entity that has ability to be aware of all different contents of conscious and unconscious mind. Observer is a central point of developed personality and represents the origin of creativity, auto-reflective thinking and mental health. Until one is aware of his mind activity which might be fully destructive, he will not go insane. Human mind changes continuously, observer is always the same, stable and present. In generally in the universe all that is made out of quanta changes and is in motion. From this perspective the origin of the observer might be beyond known matter and energy in the sense of Einstein’s formula E=mc2. Trivalent logic allows existence of some entity that is not A (matter), is not B (energy), but is C. Application of bijective epistemology and theory of numbers confirm observer might have non-material origin.
Abstract: Observer is a fundamental element of physics and science in general. It also plays an important role in modern psychology as an entity that has ability to be aware of all different contents of conscious and unconscious mind. Observer is a central point of developed personality and represents the origin of creativity, auto-reflective thinking and me...
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Secondary Phase Transition of Ising Model
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
178-183
Received:
18 July 2014
Accepted:
29 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: Lttice-spin phonons are considered, which make the heat capacity at the critical temperature satisfy experimental observations better. There is a BEC phase transition in an Ising model attributable to the lattice-spin phonons. We proved that the spin-wave theory only is available after BEC transition, and the magnons have the same characteristics as the lattice-spin phonons’, resulting from quantum effect. Energy-level overlap effect at ultra-low temperature is found. A prediction of BEC phase transition in a crystal is put forward as our theory generalization.
Abstract: Lttice-spin phonons are considered, which make the heat capacity at the critical temperature satisfy experimental observations better. There is a BEC phase transition in an Ising model attributable to the lattice-spin phonons. We proved that the spin-wave theory only is available after BEC transition, and the magnons have the same characteristics a...
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Self-Similar Transformations of Lattice-Ising Models at Critical Temperatures
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
184-194
Received:
18 July 2014
Accepted:
29 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: We classify geometric blocks that serve as spin carriers into simple blocks and compound blocks by their topologic connectivity, define their fractal dimensions and describe the relevant transformations. By the hierarchical property of transformations and a block-spin scaling law we obtain a relation between the block spin and its carrier’s fractal dimension. By mapping we set up a block-spin Gaussian model and get a formula connecting the critical point and the minimal fractal dimension of the carrier, which guarantees the uniqueness of a fixed point corresponding to the critical point, changing the complicated calculation of critical point into the simple one of the minimal fractal dimension. The numerical results of critical points with high accuracy for five conventional lattice-Ising models prove our method very effective and may be suitable to all lattice-Ising models. The origin of fluctuations in structure at critical temperature is discussed. Our method not only explains the problems met in the renormalization-group theory, but also provides a useful tool for deep investigation of the critical behaviour.
Abstract: We classify geometric blocks that serve as spin carriers into simple blocks and compound blocks by their topologic connectivity, define their fractal dimensions and describe the relevant transformations. By the hierarchical property of transformations and a block-spin scaling law we obtain a relation between the block spin and its carrier’s fractal...
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