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Comparative Nutritional Analysis of Tylosema esculentum (Marama Bean) Germplasm Collection in Namibia
Paidamoyo Natasha Mataranyika,
Percy Maruwa Chimwamurombe,
Buhlebenkosi Fuyane,
Kayini Chigayo,
Julien Lusilao
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
74-80
Received:
27 May 2019
Accepted:
1 July 2019
Published:
28 June 2020
Abstract: Malnutrition is a medical condition caused by an unbalanced diet, typically characterised by stunting and wasting in children. Malnutrition causes approximately a third of all deaths in children between 0-59 months mostly in developing countries. In Namibia, 24% of children under the age of 5 years are stunted while 6.2% are wasted. Tylosema esculentum, commonly known as marama bean is an underutilised legume of high nutritious value. Indigenous to Namibia, marama bean seeds have comparably high protein and lipid content. Marama bean is an appealing crop to Namibia in particular due to its low cultivation demands as it grows in sandy soils with minimal water requirements and no need for fertilisers. Ten accessions of marama bean seeds were analysed for their nutritional composition. The results indicate that ash content was found ranging between 2.13% and 3.46%. Minerals analysed were calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc. Their range of concentrations were 750.1-2306.2 mgkg-1, 53.9-322.4 mgkg-1, 1764.1-7415.0 mgkg-1, 4300.8-5267.9 mgkg-1 and 32.2-48.8 mgkg-1 respectively with no significant difference in concentration among the ten accessions. Correlation analysis of the minerals within the accessions showed that the correlations between zinc-magnesium and zinc-phosphorus concentrations were significantly different as compared to the rest of the pairs for all accessions. When analysed, the maximum and minimum amounts of crude fat and carbohydrates were 29.9%-44.1% and 19.4%-39.0% respectively which were found to not have a significant difference. However, the protein analysis determined that there was a significant difference with PMBC2 (mean content 34.6%) being the most significant accession. Therefore, PMBC2 was found to be the most suitable accession for crop development and domestication. This study’s main contribution with respect to the domestication of marama bean was the identification of the most superior accession based on nutritional composition.
Abstract: Malnutrition is a medical condition caused by an unbalanced diet, typically characterised by stunting and wasting in children. Malnutrition causes approximately a third of all deaths in children between 0-59 months mostly in developing countries. In Namibia, 24% of children under the age of 5 years are stunted while 6.2% are wasted. Tylosema escule...
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Improvement in High-fat Diet-induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance upon Uptake of PS-B1, a Fermented Product Prepared from Soy Flour Using Lactic Acid Bacteria
Kyoshiro Yamaguchi,
Marie Iwanaga-Suehiro,
Kyoko Fujimoto,
Masashi Fukasawa,
Ryuzo Sakakibara
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
81-88
Received:
3 June 2020
Accepted:
19 June 2020
Published:
4 July 2020
Abstract: PS-B1 is a fermented product prepared from soy flour using lactic acid bacteria. Over a 10-week period, C57BL/6J mice were reared under laboratory conditions on a normal diet (control, n=5), high-fat diet (HF, n=5), or high-fat diet supplemented with 4% PS-B1 (HF-P, n=6). After 10 weeks, the change in weight gain, intestinal and epididymal fat accumulation, serum and liver biochemical parameters, and gene expression in the mice was investigated. HF diet-induced weight gain and increase in intestinal and epididymal fat accumulation were lower in mice fed with HF-P diet than in mice fed with HF diet, suggesting that PS-B1 prevented HF diet-induced obesity in HF-P mice. Furthermore, the levels of liver lipids (triglycerides, TG; non-esterified fatty acid, NEFA; total cholesterol, TC), serum TC, serum glucose, and serum insulin were significantly increased in the HF group than those in control mice. In HF-P mice, neither serum TC nor serum glucose levels were reduced. In contrast, the levels of liver lipids and serum insulin were lower in HF-P mice than in HF mice, suggesting that PS-B1 reduced these parameters in HF-P mice. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value, which was calculated from the serum glucose and insulin levels, was 21.5 ± 4.2 in the HF mice. However, the HOMA-IR (8.2 ± 0.2) values were significantly decreased in the HF-P mice, suggesting that PS-B1 improves insulin resistance. Additionally, we compared the expression levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1) in the liver. Quantitative RT-PCR showed increased expression of Scd1 in HF mice compared to that in control mice. Furthermore, ingestion of PS-B1 led to reduced expression of Scd1 mRNA in HF-P mice, implying that PS-B1 is effective in reducing the expression of the gene encoding SCD1. These results suggest that the anti-obesity effect of PS-B1 and improvement in fat accumulation upon PS-B1 uptake may be due to improvement in insulin resistance and reduction in the expression level of Scd1.
Abstract: PS-B1 is a fermented product prepared from soy flour using lactic acid bacteria. Over a 10-week period, C57BL/6J mice were reared under laboratory conditions on a normal diet (control, n=5), high-fat diet (HF, n=5), or high-fat diet supplemented with 4% PS-B1 (HF-P, n=6). After 10 weeks, the change in weight gain, intestinal and epididymal fat accu...
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Foam-Mat Drying Characteristics of Custard Apple Pulp
Krishna Deepa,
Minati Mohapatra
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
89-95
Received:
22 June 2019
Accepted:
13 August 2019
Published:
13 July 2020
Abstract: In the present study, foam mat drying of the custard apple pulp have been conducted by using Glycerol monostearate (GMS) (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%) as foaming agent and 0.5% methyl cellulose (MC) as the stabilising agent with whipping time of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes. Drying was carried out in a cabinet tray dryer at five different drying temperatures (50, 60 and 70 C) with foam thickness of 2, 4 and 6 mm. The optimum foaming conditions providing foam expansion of (61.11%), foam stability (94%) and lowest foam density (0.60 gm/cm3) was found to be 3.5% GMS with 0.5% methyl cellulose whipped for 6 minutes. The tray drying of foamed pulp took 240-450 minutes whereas the non-foamed pulp took 420 to 450 minutes saving about 180-240 minutes drying time. Among all the parameters studied, the combination of 3.5% GMS and 0.5% methyl cellulose whipped for 6 min dried at 60 C with foam thickness of 4 mm was found to be the best treatment for custard apple powder preparation.
Abstract: In the present study, foam mat drying of the custard apple pulp have been conducted by using Glycerol monostearate (GMS) (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%) as foaming agent and 0.5% methyl cellulose (MC) as the stabilising agent with whipping time of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes. Drying was carried out in a cabinet tray dryer at five different drying t...
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Effects of Staple-based Mungbean Diets on the Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of School Children (5-12 Years) in Selected Orphanage Homes in Imo State
Agugo Udodiri Agatha,
Asinobi Chinagorom Onyemaechi,
Afam-Anene Olivia Chinyere
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
96-102
Received:
30 June 2020
Accepted:
14 July 2020
Published:
28 July 2020
Abstract: The study investigated the effect of staple-based mungbean diets on the physical and biochemical characteristics of school children (5-12 years) in selected orphanage homes in Imo State. Experimental research design was employed. Five (5) government approved homes were purposively selected, and a total of 95 subjects randomly sampled to the experimental (50) and control (45) groups across the homes. Staple-based mungbean diets replaced one of the daily three square meals of subjects in the experimental groups for a period of six months. After intervention, Body Mass Index of male (16.7 Kg/m2 to 16.4 Kg/m2) and female (17.5 Kg/m2 to 16.9 Kg/m2) subjects in the experimental groups reduced while Body Mass Index of male (17.8 Kg/m2 to 18.7Kg/m2) and female (15.9Kg/m2 to 16.8 Kg/m2) subjects in the control groups slightly increased, though not significant (p<0.05). Generally, biochemical characteristics of subjects in the experimental and control groups improved after six months. Significant (p<0.05) improvement was observed in the hemoglobin (6.7%), serum iron (29.8%) and TIBC (4.3%) of subjects in the experimental group, while the improvement observed in the hemoglobin (2.8%), serum iron (10.9%), and TIBC (1.1%) levels of subjects in the control group were not significant. Serum zinc level of subjects in the experimental (43.2%) and control (12.9%) groups significantly improved and clinical signs (skin rashes) significantly reduced (100%). It could be concluded that staple-based mungbean diets probably improved the physical and biochemical characteristics of school children studied. Therefore, are recommended for the feeding of growing children especially the school aged (5-12 years).
Abstract: The study investigated the effect of staple-based mungbean diets on the physical and biochemical characteristics of school children (5-12 years) in selected orphanage homes in Imo State. Experimental research design was employed. Five (5) government approved homes were purposively selected, and a total of 95 subjects randomly sampled to the experim...
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Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Legumes Consumed in Botswana
Sarah Tshepho Pona Matenge
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
103-107
Received:
18 June 2020
Accepted:
1 July 2020
Published:
30 July 2020
Abstract: Legume consumption has been consistently linked with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Coronary heart disease (CHD), as a result from their unique phytochemicals. Studies investigating phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of legumes in Botswana are limited. Five legume varieties were studied. All the legumes showed a significant amount of total phenolic acids and flavonoids ranging from 64.83 to 828.69 mg of gallic acid equiv/100 g of sample, DW and from 85.36 to 410.99 ± 21.24 mg of catechin equiv/100 g of sample, DW respectively. Their antioxidant activity ranged from 50.7 to 114.6 mg vitamin C /100g of DW. In this study, there was a positive correlation between TPCs and PSC value of the samples (R2=0.9940, P<0.01). The higher TPCs resulted in higher antioxidant activity, an indication that phenolics were the major contributors to antioxidant activities. Chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acid were detected in all Cowpea varieties (Cowpea-Thamagana Speckle, Cowpea-Inia, and Cowpea-Red). The results from the study emphasize the importance of these legumes as a source of phenolic acids and antioxidants which could contribute to their health promoting properties and prevention of some diseases.
Abstract: Legume consumption has been consistently linked with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Coronary heart disease (CHD), as a result from their unique phytochemicals. Studies investigating phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of legumes in Botswana are limited. Five legume varieties were studied. All the legumes showed a signifi...
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The Study of Some Particle Size Distribution of Teff [Eragrostis teff (Zucc.) Trotter] Grain Cultivars and Its Flour
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
108-111
Received:
2 May 2020
Accepted:
1 June 2020
Published:
30 July 2020
Abstract: Teff is one of the major and indigenous cereal crops in Ethiopia. It is a unique durable crop grown over a wide range of environmental conditions in Ethiopia and has been utilized as food and supplements for majority of the human diet in Ethiopia. The results were reported as an average value of triplicate analysis of (mean ± SD) and were analyzed by Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) method and at statistical significance of P<0.05. This study was conducted to generate information in different teff grain flour on some particle size distributionof teff [Eragrostisteff (Zucc.) Trotter] grain cultivars and its flour. Six teff varieties namely Quncho (DZ-Cr-387), Felagot (DZ-Cr-442), Tesfa (DZ-Cr-457), Kora (DZ-Cr-438), Dukem (DZ-Cr-425) and Dagme (DZ-Cr-43B varieties) were considered and their selection was based on their recent year coverage area and the expected future expansion. The grain particle size distribution showed that varieties differ in grain size and showed the size range which would be helpful in design of screens for cleaning of the grains. Each variety was studied for particle size distribution of teff grains cultivars and the flours. The particle size distribution of teff grain cultivars and its flour showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the varieties. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among the varieties except dough stability time.
Abstract: Teff is one of the major and indigenous cereal crops in Ethiopia. It is a unique durable crop grown over a wide range of environmental conditions in Ethiopia and has been utilized as food and supplements for majority of the human diet in Ethiopia. The results were reported as an average value of triplicate analysis of (mean ± SD) and were analyzed ...
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Analysis of Beetroot Bulbs (Beta vulgaris) from Selected Geographical Regions in Kenya: Essential Nutritional Elements Contents
Grace Ndunge,
David Njoroge Kariuki,
Michael Josiah Mangala,
Michael James Gatari
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
112-116
Received:
21 July 2020
Accepted:
4 August 2020
Published:
13 August 2020
Abstract: In Kenya, beetroot bulbs are occasionally used as a blend in fruit juices and salads, as a livestock feed and for treatment of diseases. Analysis of essential elements in beetroot bulbs was performed using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) in order to determine the nutritional content of the bulbs. The beetroot bulbs were sampled from five different geographical regions in Kenya; Karatina, Gilgil, Naivasha, Joska and Kisumu. The results of the concentrations of the essential elements had a range of: 10000 mg kg-1 to 61000 mg kg-1 for potassium, 500 mg kg-1 to 4500 mg kg-1 for calcium, 15.0 mg kg-1 to 230 mg kg-1 for manganese, 24.0 mg kg-1 to 770 mg kg-1 for iron and 16.0 mg kg-1 to 680 mg kg-1 for zinc. In general, the trend in the concentrations of the essential elements was K > Ca > Fe > Mn > Zn. Karatina samples registered the highest concentrations for all the elements of interest in this study. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all the five sampled regions show that there is a significant difference in the Ca, Fe and Mn concentration levels. Beetroots were found to contain sufficient amounts of the essential elements, therefore, are a suitable vegetable source of essential elements of K, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn and can be used as an immune system booster. This study is supportive to the Government’s efforts of improving health care and in the fight against “hidden hunger-malnutrition” in the country.
Abstract: In Kenya, beetroot bulbs are occasionally used as a blend in fruit juices and salads, as a livestock feed and for treatment of diseases. Analysis of essential elements in beetroot bulbs was performed using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) in order to determine the nutritional content of the bulbs. The beetroot bulbs were sampled from fi...
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