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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among Preschool Children and Maternal KAP on Prevention and Control in Senbete and Bete Towns, North Shoa, Ethiopia
Moges Lewetegn,
Meron Getachew,
Tadesse Kebede,
Gemechu Tadesse,
Tsegahun Asfaw
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
1-7
Received:
10 January 2019
Accepted:
11 February 2019
Published:
27 February 2019
Abstract: In developing countries, intestinal parasites like protozoa and helminths are highly prevalent in preschool children. There is also poor understanding of the mother’s knowledge, attitude, and practices towards parasitic infections. Therefore, this study is designed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite and maternal knowledge, attitude and practice on the prevention and control of intestinal parasites. Cross-sectional study was conducted on preschool children in Senbete and Bete towns. Stool specimens were collected and examined for intestinal parasites by using Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration technique. Mother’s knowledge, attitude, and practice data were collected using a per-tested structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS-20 and P values less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant value. Among 214 preschool children, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasite was 52.3%. The predominant parasites was Hymenolepis nana (23.8 %), followed by Giardia lamblia (19.6%). Among 214 interviewed mothers 129 (60.3%) had knowledge on prevention and control of intestinal parasites. And also 120(56.1%) of the respondent had positive attitude on the prevention and control of intestinal parasites. Moreover, 95(44.4%) of the mothers used toilet or container to dispose their children’s faeces and 186(86.9%) mothers gave drug for their child. High prevalence of intestinal parasite was found. Maternal education level, open field defecation and playing with soil were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. Therefore, health education program to improve maternal knowledge, attitude and practice should be implemented.
Abstract: In developing countries, intestinal parasites like protozoa and helminths are highly prevalent in preschool children. There is also poor understanding of the mother’s knowledge, attitude, and practices towards parasitic infections. Therefore, this study is designed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite and maternal knowledge, attitude and...
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Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Risk Factors Among Adults Attending at Feres Meda Health Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017
Belete Woldesemayat,
Hiwot Amare,
Zerihun Ataro,
Gadissa Gutema,
Eleni Kidane,
Desalegn Belay,
Habtamu Asrat
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
8-15
Received:
11 January 2019
Accepted:
14 February 2019
Published:
27 February 2019
Abstract: Background: Diabetes is a family of disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia. The disorders of diabetes differ in their etiology and symptoms and in the consequences of the disease. Diabetes mellitus is a high rising disease all over the world and in our country, because of some lifestyle change of the community. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of DM and its associated factors among adults in Feres Meda health center at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to March 2017. Patient demographic characteristics were collected using a pre-tested standard questionnaire format. Height, weight and blood pressure were measured physically and 5 ml fasting blood sample was collected to analyze blood glucose by glucose oxidase method using automated chemistry analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistical software version 20. Results: Out of the 392 participants, 58.7% of them were females. The age of participants ranged from 19 to 80 years with a mean of 34.34 years. Among the study participants, 2.6% of them had DM and 6.9% of the participants had high fasting blood glucose value (pre-diabetes). Age (P = 0.048), WC (P=0.001), and family history of DM (P= 0.024) were significantly associated with the development of DM. Conclusion: High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was observed among study population. Therefore, regular screening of DM, particularly for those individuals having higher waist circumstance, family history of DM and older age, is mandatory to control blood glucose early.
Abstract: Background: Diabetes is a family of disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia. The disorders of diabetes differ in their etiology and symptoms and in the consequences of the disease. Diabetes mellitus is a high rising disease all over the world and in our country, because of some lifestyle change of the community. Therefore, this study aims ...
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Chitosan/ Alginate /Gellan Gum Hybrid Hydrogel as a Vehicle for Controlled Release of Drug
Jiunn-An Pan,
Hsuan-Liang Liu,
Ko-Shao Chen
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
16-23
Received:
16 January 2019
Accepted:
20 February 2019
Published:
6 March 2019
Abstract: Hybrid hydrogel was fabricated by a classic sol-gel method using EDC/NHS as crosslink reagent grafting onto the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), nonwoven fabric, for controlled release of drug. In this study, precursor acetic acid (AA) was used to plasma deposit on the surface of TPU to form a hydrophilic thin film. Hybrid hydrogel was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA) measurement, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV/V is spectroscopy, equilibrium swelling ratio, MTT assay and drug delivery system studies. This polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed hydrogel, pH-sensitive type, was evaluated at pH value of 1.2 and 7.4 of buffer solution and at temperature of 37C to observe its rate of swelling and drug release features with caffeine. Moreover, the mechanism of caffeine release from membrane devices (n=0.58) are anomalous transport, non-Fickian diffusion, the value of n lies between 0.43 and 0.85. It has an excellent release ratio up to about 90% absorption cumulative amounts of caffeine at pH 7.4 after 8h and could be a beneficial carrier for fragile drugs.
Abstract: Hybrid hydrogel was fabricated by a classic sol-gel method using EDC/NHS as crosslink reagent grafting onto the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), nonwoven fabric, for controlled release of drug. In this study, precursor acetic acid (AA) was used to plasma deposit on the surface of TPU to form a hydrophilic thin film. Hybrid hydrogel was investigate...
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Intestinal Parasites in Dogs and Humans, Environmental Egg Contamination and Risk of Human Infection with Zoonotic Helminth Parasites from Dog in Hosanna Town
Yimer Mulugeta,
Moti Yohannes,
Deneke Wolde,
Mesfin Aklilu,
Baye Ashenefe,
Daselgn Gebree,
Fantu Lombamo,
Gutu Kitila,
Garoma Getahun,
Asefa Deressa,
Hail Degefu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
24-36
Received:
12 February 2019
Accepted:
14 March 2019
Published:
13 April 2019
Abstract: Pets especially dogs are the most common and first domesticated companion animals throughout the world including Ethiopia. In developing countries the health status of the pets are neglected. However, potential hazards are associated with pet ownership; thus, the objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of important zoonotic gastrointestinal helminthes infection in dogs and their owners as well as risk of environmental egg contamination and major associated factors in Hosanna, Ethiopia. Cross sectional study designs were employed (feces & stool sample from dogs and dog owners, soil samples and questionnaires data were collected) & statistical analysis were done using SPSS version 16 software. Based on coproscopy examination results; the overall prevalence of helminth infection in dogs were 71.6% (n=187/261). Species of parasites identified were: Ancylostoma caninum (49%) followed by Toxocara canis (34%), Toxocara leonine (7.2%), Taenia species (4.2%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.6%) and Trichuris vulpis (1.9%). Prevalence of intestinal helminth among human were found 17.62% (95% CI: 13.20-22.79). Hookworm species (6.5%) followed by Ascaris (4.6%), H. nana (2.7%), S. stercoralis (1.5%), Taenia species (1.5%) and H. diminatus (0.8%) were identified in humans. The environmental egg contamination status were observed in five sites with helminthes egg. Trichuris, T. canis, Ancylostoma, A. lumbricoides, S. stercoralis and Taenia species eggs were the identified ones. The major risk factors for the spread and zoonotic transmissions of parasites were lack of treatment for dog (prevalence: 81.2%, P value: 0.000 and OR (95%CI), 6 (7.1-35)) and poor awareness on transmissible helminth intestinal parasites of dog (prevalence: 76.5% P value: 0.002 and OR (95%CI):2.5 (1.36-4.4)). In conclusion, this study revealed that the overall prevalence of intestinal helminthes were abundant among dogs, humans and soil sample. Therefore, de-worming of dog, community awareness creation, one-health approached surveillance strategies and further researches should be conducted.
Abstract: Pets especially dogs are the most common and first domesticated companion animals throughout the world including Ethiopia. In developing countries the health status of the pets are neglected. However, potential hazards are associated with pet ownership; thus, the objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of important zoonotic gastroi...
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Microwave Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Dielectric Remedial and Therapeutic Materials with Human Body
Oleksiy Yanenko,
Kostiantyn Shevchenko,
Vladyslav Malanchuk,
Оleksandra Golovchanska
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
37-43
Received:
15 February 2019
Accepted:
26 March 2019
Published:
18 April 2019
Abstract: Inherent attribute of the materials using in medicine and biology is microwave range electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The methods of the identification and determination of the compatibility of indicated materials are considered in the paper. The man-made and natural sources of the microwave radiation are described. Examples of the microwave signals using in practical medicine technologies are given. The parameters of microwave signals that can be used to identify biomedical materials are determined. The features of the studied positive and negative electromagnetic radiation streams and possibilities for their use for therapy and identification of biomaterials are described. The results of experimental investigation of the EMR of dental materials are presented. Electromagnetic properties of the dental materials and natural teeth tissues were compared. The recommendations for possible use of the biomaterials electromagnetic identification methods are given. The features of the materials for the physiotherapy were studied experimentally. It was stated that physiotherapeutic materials in determined regimen of the therapy, beside the thermal action, form microwaves streams that could be positive or negative. The level of the microwave component and corresponding physiotherapeutic procedure effectiveness may be regulated by the combination of the physiotherapeutic materials.
Abstract: Inherent attribute of the materials using in medicine and biology is microwave range electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The methods of the identification and determination of the compatibility of indicated materials are considered in the paper. The man-made and natural sources of the microwave radiation are described. Examples of the microwave signal...
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Role of Hormones in the Control of Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Behavior
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
44-50
Received:
15 February 2019
Accepted:
22 March 2019
Published:
22 April 2019
Abstract: In multicellular organisms, intercellular mediators such as hormones or growth factors and morphogens play primary roles in development and reproduction. Evolution of the signaling pathways in which these mediators are involved has thus played an important role in the appearance and success of these species. There are many reproductive modes and behaviours in the animal kingdom. A reproductive behaviour can be defined as all the actions taken by an organism toward the generation of one or more other organism that possesses at least some of its genetic patrimony. From a strict evolutionary point of view, the goal of an organism is to spread its genetic patrimony as much as possible in the next generations of its kind. This egoistic behaviour typically benefits for the entire species since the individuals spreading the most their genetic patrimony is generally those with the best genes and are thus helping their species to be the most fitted possible. In the present review, I briefly describe the implication of hormones in the control of mammals Reproduction and in their Sexual Behavior. In addition, since most multicellular organisms exhibit sexual reproduction, I also take into account hormonal control of reproduction together with sexual behavior.
Abstract: In multicellular organisms, intercellular mediators such as hormones or growth factors and morphogens play primary roles in development and reproduction. Evolution of the signaling pathways in which these mediators are involved has thus played an important role in the appearance and success of these species. There are many reproductive modes and be...
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Management of Faba Bean Rust by Some Antagonistic Bioagents and Induced Resistance Chemicals
Khairy Abdel-Maksoud Abada,
Amany Mohamed Farouk Attia,
Asmaa Mahmoud Abd-Almoaty Alkolaly
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
51-60
Received:
15 February 2019
Accepted:
20 March 2019
Published:
29 April 2019
Abstract: Eight bacterial and fungal isolates as well as four induced resistance chemicals (IRCs) were assessed in vitro and in vivo against Uromyces viciae –fabae (Pers.) Schroet, the causal of faba bean rust. The inhibitory effect of Bacillus spp. was ranged between 35.2-50.4%, Trichoderma spp. between 39.0-59.0%. and IRCs between 34.3- 57.7%. In addition, the highest inhibitory effect on the germinated urediospores of the causal fungus was obtained by B. subtilis, T. viride and bion (BTH). Under greenhouse conditions, spraying faba bean plants with any of the tested bioagents significantly reduced disease severity and increased the produced pod yield compared with the control treatment. Also, spraying plants grown from soaked seeds for 12 hrs before sowing in any of the IRCs or soaking in water only with any of these inducers significantly reduced disease severity and increased the produced pod yield compared with the control treatment. Field experiments during two successive seasons under the natural infection by faba bean rust at Behera governorate revealed that spraying B. subtilis and T. viride, each alone or in combination, on plants grown from soaked seeds in BTH at beginning of the incidence of the disease significantly reduced disease severity and increased the produced seed yield compared with the control. On the other hand, plants sprayed with the mixture of both bioagents were of the lowest infection and produced the highest dry seeds/plot compared with the other treatments and the control. However, the fungicide Topas was the superior treatment for lowering disease severity and increasing the produced seeds yield. Considerable increase in the activity of three oxidative- reductive enzymes, i.e phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in the leaves of all treatments compared with both control treatments. Furthermore, plants grown from seeds soaked in BTH showed the highest activity of the three enzymes followed by those sprayed with B.subtilis then with T.viride.
Abstract: Eight bacterial and fungal isolates as well as four induced resistance chemicals (IRCs) were assessed in vitro and in vivo against Uromyces viciae –fabae (Pers.) Schroet, the causal of faba bean rust. The inhibitory effect of Bacillus spp. was ranged between 35.2-50.4%, Trichoderma spp. between 39.0-59.0%. and IRCs between 34.3- 57.7%. In addition,...
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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera on Helicobacter Pylori Isolated from Ulcer Patients in Ondo State, Nigeria
Morufu Adesina Bakare,
Anthony Kayode Onifade
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
61-66
Received:
13 February 2019
Accepted:
23 April 2019
Published:
23 May 2019
Abstract: Antimicrobial activities of Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera on Helicobacter pylori isolated from ulcer patients in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated. Hot water, cold water and two organic solvents (Pet ether and Ethanol) were used for the extraction with the highest yield being the ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya with 17.2%, while cold water extract of both Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica (Neem) extracts had 15.6% and 11.6% respectively. The result shows that the Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera leaves extract had antimicrobial effect on the H. pylori isolated from ulcer patients in Ondo State, Nigeria. Moringa oleifera leaves showed some remarkable effect on H. pylori with the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya being the most potent. In comparison, the ethanolic extract had the highest level of antimicrobial activity than pet ether, cold and hot water extracts. The results of this study showed that leaf extracts of C. papaya, A. indica and M. oleifera had a very high microbial action on the isolates. The results of this study clearly suggest that leaf extracts of C. papaya, A. indica and M. oleifera leaves act as potent growth inhibitor of H. pylori. The emergence of resistance of microorganism to current first line therapy required vigorous research for substitute antimicrobial. The plants used in this study could serve as qualified plants in drug production. There is need for vigorous research to be done on the purification of these crude extracts for the development of new antibiotics to combat the infections caused by these resistant strains.
Abstract: Antimicrobial activities of Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera on Helicobacter pylori isolated from ulcer patients in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated. Hot water, cold water and two organic solvents (Pet ether and Ethanol) were used for the extraction with the highest yield being the ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya with...
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