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Contribution of Parkland Agroforestry Practices to the Rural Community Livelihood and Its Management in Southern Ethiopia
Bayisa Bussa,
Kotola Feleke
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
104-111
Received:
30 May 2020
Accepted:
15 June 2020
Published:
4 July 2020
Abstract: Parkland agroforestry which is a system practiced for many local populations is very important for food security, microclimate amelioration, income generation and environmental protection, and is found at different corners of the world, primarily in the semi-arid and sub-humid zones of Africa. It is reported that agroforestry practice is an aged practice in the Ethiopian farming systems of which parkland trees comprise the large part of agricultural landscapes and it is also the most dominant agroforestry practice in the semi-arid and sub-humid zones of Ethiopia. This study was conducted on farmers’ parkland Agroforestry practice in Burka Ebela of Bule Hora District Southern Ethiopia which was purposely selected. The objective of this study was to assess contribution of parkland Agroforestry practices to the rural livelihood community. A total of 90 respondents were selected in a systematic sample way from total households of 888 in the study area based on formula used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result obtained from the survey showed that, 11 tree species as parkland tree were identified. From those identified tree species the most preferred trees by farmers are: Accia Abyssinica, Accia Albida, Cordia Africana, Croton Macrostachyus Eucalyptus, FicusVasta, Millettia Ferruginea, Podocarpus Falcatus, Rhamnus Priniode and Ricicus Commonis and community used those trees for different purpose such as; for food security, microclimate amelioration, economic benefits, environmental protection, household energy, household utensils, cultural values, traditional medicines and fodder. Challenge to parkland Agroforestry practice in the study area were the exotic tree expansion, plant diseases transmission from old trees to young trees, small land size and lack of replanting. Moreover, these trees are facing challenges like: expansion of cash crops through removal of the parkland trees from the farm area. Even though common management of parkland agroforestry system on the study area was thinning and prunings, more people do not management parkland tree well.
Abstract: Parkland agroforestry which is a system practiced for many local populations is very important for food security, microclimate amelioration, income generation and environmental protection, and is found at different corners of the world, primarily in the semi-arid and sub-humid zones of Africa. It is reported that agroforestry practice is an aged pr...
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The Ethical Issues of Animal Testing in Cosmetics Industry
Yue Wang,
Yuan Zhao,
Fuhui Song
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
112-116
Received:
15 July 2020
Accepted:
27 July 2020
Published:
30 July 2020
Abstract: Animal testing in the cosmetics industry have always been a controversial topic, which plays a vital role in the development and safety of cosmetics, but at the same time it seriously violates the survival rights of experimental animals. This study is a dialectical analysis of the business theme from two very different perspectives of thought: Utilitarian and Kantian. Utilitarianism advocates the pursuit of maximum happiness. Happiness involves not only those involved in the act but also everyone affected by it. Animals experimented in the cosmetics industry suffered great pain and did not get happiness, which means that the cosmetics industry goes against the morality of utilitarianism. Therefore, animal experiments conducted by the cosmetics industry are unethical. Kantian is very different from the utilitarianism in that Kantian believes that whatever the outcome, at least some actions are right or wrong. In this case, animal testing is justified in the cosmetics industry, mainly because it helps protect consumers of these products from the unknown consequences of their use. From a Kantian point of view, animal testing in the cosmetics industry is moral and beneficial. Based on the above two arguments, it is concluded that animal experiment is an indispensable link in the cosmetics industry. At the same time, relevant practitioners should respect the survival rights of experimental animals and conduct animal experiments with scientific and humane procedures to minimize the harm to experimental animals.
Abstract: Animal testing in the cosmetics industry have always been a controversial topic, which plays a vital role in the development and safety of cosmetics, but at the same time it seriously violates the survival rights of experimental animals. This study is a dialectical analysis of the business theme from two very different perspectives of thought: Util...
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A Corrective Device for Large Heterogeneous Jurisdictions in a Two-Period Economy with Spillover Effects
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
117-123
Received:
22 July 2020
Accepted:
31 July 2020
Published:
17 August 2020
Abstract: The matching grant (the Pigovian tax) program from a central government to the jurisdictional governments is a strong instrument to solve the problem of an insufficiently provision of local public goods. The under-provision (over-provision) of public goods arises from different kinds of externalities, such as the benefit spillovers and the tax-exporting effect. This study introduces the spillover effect of public goods and the heterogeneity of jurisdictions to the capital tax competition literature using a two-period economy. It is assumed that the central government and the jurisdictional governments play a Stackelberg game with centralised leadership and that there is a unique Stackelberg equilibrium in each period. Meanwhile, the central government and the jurisdictional governments are assumed to be hyperopic and benevolent. A clear result is that the revision of a corrective device used by the central government in the first period to ensure an optimal level of a local public good which is provided by a hyperopic jurisdictional government, significantly depends on the relative size of the income and spill-in effects in the second period. When the income effect is larger than the spill-in effect in the second period, the optimal matching grant rate (the Pigovian tax rate) in the first period from the central government to a more hyperopic jurisdictional government should be increased (decreased). Conversely, when the spill-in effect is larger than the income effect in the second period, the optimal matching grant rate (the Pigovian tax rate) in the first period from the central government to a more hyperopic jurisdictional government should be decreased (increased). The relative size of the two effects, which work in opposite directions, is determined by the tastes and endowments of the jurisdictions, the form of their production functions and the degree of spillovers, among other factors. This result is quite different from the literature.
Abstract: The matching grant (the Pigovian tax) program from a central government to the jurisdictional governments is a strong instrument to solve the problem of an insufficiently provision of local public goods. The under-provision (over-provision) of public goods arises from different kinds of externalities, such as the benefit spillovers and the tax-expo...
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Rural Community Perception and Readiness on Urbanization: The Case of Wolaita Sodo Town, Sodo Zurya Wereda (Gandaba and Ofa Seri Kebelles)
Daniel Techan,
Bisrat Tesfay,
Mehari Teame
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, July 2020
Pages:
124-130
Received:
25 July 2020
Accepted:
8 August 2020
Published:
27 August 2020
Abstract: This research paper was about the perception and readiness of rural community towards urbanization with the specific objectives of assessing the factors for the rapid expansion of Wolaita Sodo town, the level of understanding of the local people about urbanization and the investigation of the problems faced as a result of urbanization and their readiness to face the inevitable process of urbanization. Both qualitative and quantitative research design were used to obtain relevant data. Observation, interview and questionnaire were the tools employed to gather data. Both purposive for site selection and interview, and simple random sampling (questionnaire) techniques were used in selecting respondents from the study areas. Respondent from Sodo town government officials from the sectors of water supply enterprise, electric power authority, urban development bureau and road authority Sodo branch were selected purposively, whereas the questionnaire was distributed among for 40 members of the two kebelles. The finding are; the existence of unplanned and unmanaged expansion of the town, the low level of satisfaction of the people of the works of the responsible bodies (main about compensation and the distribution of the electricity and road among others), and awareness creation programs (about saving and significance of development for public) should be made by the responsible body are among the way outs to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization.
Abstract: This research paper was about the perception and readiness of rural community towards urbanization with the specific objectives of assessing the factors for the rapid expansion of Wolaita Sodo town, the level of understanding of the local people about urbanization and the investigation of the problems faced as a result of urbanization and their rea...
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