Prevalence of Bacterial Microbiota in Tilapia Guineensis Harvested from Buguma Brackish Water Environment River State, Nigeria
Ogbonne Fabian Chinedu,
Ayaobu–Cookey Ibifubara Kalada,
Abdullahi Mohammed Mansur,
Matanmi Morufu Adewale
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
36-40
Received:
26 March 2020
Accepted:
10 April 2020
Published:
17 June 2020
Abstract: Brackish water fishes usually harbour human pathogenic bacteria particularly the enterics and coliform groups in their mucosal surfaces. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of skin and gills microbiota of Tilapia guineensis as to understand their microbial assemblages and as well provide useful insights into the broad dynamics of the fish host-microbial relationship and health status. Thirty samples of Tilapia guineensis were collected from Buguma brackish water environment, River State, Nigeria. The skin and the gills of the tilapia were analyzed microbiologically. Specimen were collected by swabbing aseptically over the skin and gills segment of the fish and then processed for total bacterial count, followed by isolation and identification of isolated bacteria. Microbial load analysis revealed that the total viable count of bacteria ranged from 2.4 to 7.6 x 105 cfu/ml for skin and 2.1 to 5.7 x 106 cfu/ml for gills, and it was observed to fall within the recommended microbiological standard safety limit. A total of thirty-seven (37) bacteria, belonging to fifteen different genera in the family of Vibrionaceae, enterobacteriaceae and Morganellaceae were isolated from the fish. The prevalent rate of the bacterial shows that Proteus vulgaris recorded the highest frequency of occurrence of 16.22%, followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus with 10.81% occurrence and Provindencia rettgeri, Serratia mercescens and Salmonella sp. trailed them with 8.11%. Kluyyera ascorbate, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, plesiomonas shigelloides and Pseudomonas sp. have the least frequency of occurrence with 2.7% respectively for each. Though the bacterial count of Tilapia guineensis harvested from the water and fish sample did not exceed the standard recommended safety limit. There were several potential pathogenic and spoilage bacteria isolated as part of the fish flora. The presence of these bacteria could poses or constitute a public health risk.
Abstract: Brackish water fishes usually harbour human pathogenic bacteria particularly the enterics and coliform groups in their mucosal surfaces. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of skin and gills microbiota of Tilapia guineensis as to understand their microbial assemblages and as well provide useful insights into the broad dyna...
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Evaluation of German Cockroach, Blattella germanica from Different Niches for Bacterial Contamination
Ekong Mercy Okon,
Tarh Jacqueline Ebob,
Iroegbu Christian Ukwuoma
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
41-45
Received:
14 February 2020
Accepted:
28 February 2020
Published:
20 June 2020
Abstract: Cohabitating nature of cockroach with humans is on the increase in most rural and underdeveloped areas of Cross River State including Calabar South. It is therefore important to screen the bacterial carriage of this pest because of shared ecological niche. Sticky trap method was used to capture the pest and properly identify by an Entomologist Dr Ogban, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. They were killed using chloroform. Pour plating culturing technique was used for bacterial isolation, isolates were characterized and identified using standard bacteriological methods. The research result reveals eleven (11) bacterial species (Bacillus, Klebsiella, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Proteus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella and Enterococcus). E. coli Klebsiella and Bacillus were the most frequently isolated organisms from the external surface of latrines and living house cockroaches. Klebsiella, E. coli and Enterococcus species were predominant in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of cockroaches from same ecological niche except that in living houses, the presence of Enterococcus species were insignificance compare to other isolates. There was a significant difference at P = .05 in isolates from cockroaches captured from latrines area to those from living houses. The degree of contamination based on sum total of each isolate from External and GIT parts of cockroaches from both experimental niche was; E. coli > Klebsiella > S. aureus > Bacillus > Shigella > P. aeruginosa = Samonella = Enterococcus > Streptococcus > S. epidermidis > Proteus. This study encourages the use of some natural and home friendly cockroach eradication techniques that pose no harm to home dwellers and it environ. This include timely removal of bushes around the living environ, frequent sealing of cracks around the kitchens, and bathrooms to reduce potential hidings areas. Getting rids of all foods remains on kitchen tables, floor etc. Application of boil mint leaves at different corners of the house. These will naturally scare the presence of this pest from human habitation and serve as a better strategy to minimize cockroach-associated infections.
Abstract: Cohabitating nature of cockroach with humans is on the increase in most rural and underdeveloped areas of Cross River State including Calabar South. It is therefore important to screen the bacterial carriage of this pest because of shared ecological niche. Sticky trap method was used to capture the pest and properly identify by an Entomologist Dr O...
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An Avirulent Ralstonia Solanacearum Strain Undergoes Phenotype Conversion from a Pathogenic Strain Under Natural Environment
Deju Chen,
Haifeng Zhang,
Yanli Li,
Yanpin Chen,
Xuefang Zheng,
Jieping Wang,
Jiamei Che,
Bo Liu
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
46-58
Received:
8 August 2019
Accepted:
5 September 2019
Published:
4 July 2020
Abstract: An avirulent R. solanacearum strain named FJAT-1458 was isolated from living tomato vessel and it showed no toxicity to tomato, pepper and eggplant. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on eight genes (egl, hrpB, mutS, pehA, recA, rpoA, rpoB and rpoC) and whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis suggested that strain FJAT-1458 belong to phylotype I. Genome sequence of the strain FJAT-1458 revealed a circular chromosome and a circular megaplasmid with whole genome size of 6,059,899 bp and GC content of 66.78%. Functional annotation of FJAT-1458 showed a total of 5,442 genes, with 5,166 protein-encoding genes, 202 pseudogenes and 74 noncoding RNA genes. Among which, 3,938 protein-coding genes can be assigned to 23 COG families, and 1,521 of them had KEGG orthologs. Prophage prediction using PHASTER revealed 12 prophages, including 7 intact, 1 questionable and 4 incomplete prophages. Comparative genome analyses between GMI1000 and FJAT-1458 showed that most of the virulence factors were well conserved and only small portion of them were distinct between them. Two genes, including a methyltransferase and an ISL3 family transposase genes, were identified to be inserted immediately upstream (141 bp) of phcA gene, which assumed to be responsible for avirulence of strain FJAT-1458. It is suggested that strain FJAT-1458 was originated from a wild-type pathogenic strain through an accident phenotype conversion, which is like those when cultured under experimental conditions. Our study provides new insight into the evolution of virulence in R. solanacearum strain under natural environment.
Abstract: An avirulent R. solanacearum strain named FJAT-1458 was isolated from living tomato vessel and it showed no toxicity to tomato, pepper and eggplant. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on eight genes (egl, hrpB, mutS, pehA, recA, rpoA, rpoB and rpoC) and whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis suggested that strain FJAT-1458 b...
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