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Food Habit, Spatial, and Dietary Niche Overlap of Three Sympatric Insectivorous Bats (Chiroptera) in the West Region of Cameroon
Manfothang Dongmo Ervis,
Bakwo Fils Eric-Moise,
Manga Mongombe Aaron,
Tchuenguem Fohouo Fernand-Nestor
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 5, October 2023
Pages:
55-65
Received:
5 June 2023
Accepted:
13 July 2023
Published:
27 September 2023
Abstract: We studied the diet and the overlap of diet and spatial niches of three common insectivorous bats: Hipposideros fuliginosus, Rhinolophus landeri and Chaerephon pumilus in the West region of Cameroon from December 2016 to November 2018. Bats were captured using standard mist netting and fecal analyses carried out. Five fecal pellets were randomly chosen from each bat, moisten with water and separated into fine pieces and observed under a binocular microscope. The result reveals that these species fed mainly on coleopterans, lepidopterans and hemipterans. Diet of these bats exhibited a high level of overlap, with the highest value between C. pumilus and R. landeri, with an overlap percentage of 76.6%, followed by H. fuliginosus and R. landeri, with an overlap percentage of 69.2%. The lowest overlap, with a percentage of 28.2% is between C. pumilus and H. fuliginosus. Also, communities of the R. landeri are spatially distant from those of C. pumilus and H. fuliginosus with the lowest spatial overlap between the pair C. pumilus and R. landeri followed by R. landeri and H. fuliginosus. Our results show that these three species consume the similar types of insect prey, but they take different proportions. Moreover, resource partitioning by these insectivorous bats is likely to occur in accordance with the abundance and seasonal availability of insect prey. Furthermore, our results provide baseline data for several insectivorous bats in Cameroon whose dietary and spatial co-existence has never been studied.
Abstract: We studied the diet and the overlap of diet and spatial niches of three common insectivorous bats: Hipposideros fuliginosus, Rhinolophus landeri and Chaerephon pumilus in the West region of Cameroon from December 2016 to November 2018. Bats were captured using standard mist netting and fecal analyses carried out. Five fecal pellets were randomly ch...
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In vivo Antiplasmodial Studies on Trichilia heudelotii Planch ex. Oliver (Meliaceae) Leaf
Sulaiman Muhammed Olatunji,
Odediran Samuel Akintunde,
Aladesanmi Joseph Adetunji
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 5, October 2023
Pages:
66-74
Received:
18 May 2023
Accepted:
3 July 2023
Published:
27 September 2023
Abstract: The study evaluated the antimalarial activities of the methanolic extract of Trichilia heudelotii leaf in mice, identified the most active partitioned and chromatographic fractions with a view to providing information on the scientific basis of the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant in treatment of malaria. The air-dried leaf of T. heudelotii was milled into powder and extracted with methanol. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined according to Lorke’s method. The extract was tested against chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium bergheii bergheii NK-65 at doses of 100–800 mg/kg using the chemosuppressive antimalarial model while distilled water (0.2 mL) and chloroquine (10 mg/kg) were used as the negative and positive controls, respectively. The methanol extract was successively partitioned to obtain n-hexane (THH), dichloromethane (THD), ethylacetate (THE), n-butanol (THB) and aqueous fractions (THA) which were each tested at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg similarly. The most active THH was successively chromatographed and the most active fractions THH2B and THH3B identified. The percentage chemosuppression and percentage survivor in mice was used as a measure of the antiplasmodial activities of the extract, partitioned and column fractions. The LD50 of T. heudelotii leaf extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg. It gave the highest chemosuppression of 88.7% at 200mg/kg, the n-hexane partitioned fraction (THH) gave percentage chemosuppression of 66% at 50mg/kg while subsequent column fractions, THH2B and THH3B gave 77 and 74% respectively. The chemosuppressive activities of T. heudelotii leaf was obviously retained during subsequent purification with the fractions demonstrating good% chemosuppression and percentage survivor profile as to contain the antimalarial constituents of the plant. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy of THH3B, the most active column fraction suggested 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, methyl palmitate and 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester that were the major compounds identified in the fraction as possible antimalarial compounds in the plant.
Abstract: The study evaluated the antimalarial activities of the methanolic extract of Trichilia heudelotii leaf in mice, identified the most active partitioned and chromatographic fractions with a view to providing information on the scientific basis of the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant in treatment of malaria. The air-dried leaf of T. heudelotii was mil...
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Antimicrobial Activity of Aegle marmelos L. Leaf Extract
Shahanaz Khatun,
Nasrin Ferdous
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 5, October 2023
Pages:
75-78
Received:
20 June 2023
Accepted:
13 July 2023
Published:
27 September 2023
Abstract: Ethno medicine has been gaining popularity for years, yet there is still a vast amount of medicinal flora that remains undiscovered through research. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol and water extract from the leaf of medicinal plant Aegle marmelos L. were investigated. The investigation was performed against three Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus pneumonia) and five Gram negative (Salmonella typhi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei) bacteria and eight fungi (T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, Penicilium sp, Fusarium species, Aspergillus niger and Mucor) by disc diffusion assay method. The lowest concentration of every extract considered as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for both test organisms. Statistical significance was determined with one-way ANOVA and the level of significance was P < 0.05. The water extract of leaves at the concentration of 600 μg/ disc showed the higher activity against S. typhi (13±0.1), and S. dysenteriae (15±0.2) than methanol extract. Methanol extract showed the higher activity against E. coli (18±0.1), V. parahaemolyticus (19±0.2) and S. pneumonia (15±0.3) than water extract. Methanol extract of A. marmelos leaf showed more susceptibility towards skin disease causing fungi like T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, than the non-skin disease causing fungi like Penicilium sp, Fusarium species and Mucor. The result implies that the both methanol and water extract of Aegle marmelos, L. has great potential for medicinal purposes due to its antimicrobial quality.
Abstract: Ethno medicine has been gaining popularity for years, yet there is still a vast amount of medicinal flora that remains undiscovered through research. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol and water extract from the leaf of medicinal plant Aegle marmelos L. were investigated. The investigation was performed against three Gram positive bact...
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Enhanced Privacy Preservation Technique for the Multi Institutional Clinical Data Using Hybrid Feline-Storm Algorithm
Sagarkumar Patel,
Rachna Patel
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 5, October 2023
Pages:
79-91
Received:
14 September 2023
Accepted:
26 September 2023
Published:
9 October 2023
Abstract: Today's medical research is seen to be highly dependent on data exchange; unfortunately, despite its benefits, it frequently encounters problems, particularly issues with data privacy. As a result, several methods and infrastructures have been created to ensure that patients and research participants maintain their anonymity when data is exchanged. However, privacy protection often has a cost, such as limitations on the types of studies that may be done on shared data. The lack of a systematization that would make the trade-offs made by various techniques obvious is what needs to be addressed. In this research, develop the Feline-Storm Based Privacy Preservation Technique for multi-institutional clinical data. Data mining provides many advantages in various domains, particularly in medicine. The data about the disease is ensured to the experts, who can determine the effects, availability, and nature. The private information of the persons should not be disclosed to the expert groups, which ensures the confidentiality of the confidential information. Hence, to ensure the privacy of the people's electronic health records (EHR), this research utilizes the C-mixture and three privacy restraints that strengthen the privacy measures. Furthermore, the Hybrid Feline-storm algorithm, which emphasizes exploitation or the exploration phase at any instance, avoiding the local optima and the premature convergence to ensure the optimized privacy preserved of the data. This research also establishes security strategies such as K-anonymity, T-closeness, and L-diversity to attain complete data privacy. Further, the Feline-storm optimization is developed to minimize information loss. The information loss, class average size, and fitness measure achieved by the proposed methodology are 0.85, 0.38, and 4.7457, respectively.
Abstract: Today's medical research is seen to be highly dependent on data exchange; unfortunately, despite its benefits, it frequently encounters problems, particularly issues with data privacy. As a result, several methods and infrastructures have been created to ensure that patients and research participants maintain their anonymity when data is exchanged....
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