Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014
Pages:
97-108
Received:
7 August 2014
Accepted:
18 August 2014
Published:
30 August 2014
Abstract: Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).
Abstract: Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarba...
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Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey
Cigdem Saydam Eker,
Ejder Yapici
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014
Pages:
109-116
Received:
16 September 2014
Accepted:
30 September 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Elemental contents, organic matter, and relation with Miocene-aged coal samples were analyzed in Alpu, Eskişehir, Turkey. The coal samples were identified as upper and lower seams in the m2 series. This series includes the following from the bottom to the top: claystone–marl, coal lower seam, sandstone, siltstone–claystone, upper coal seam, and claystone–sandstone–gravelstone. A total of 17 coal samples (eight and nine from the upper and the lower seam) were collected from five boreholes. Proximate and element analyses of the samples were performed and evaluated. In an air-dried basis, the upper and the lower seam have low average moisture contents (about 8% and 6%), average moderate ash yields (about 31% and 28%), and high total average calorific values (about 3215 and 2934 kcal/kg). The major elements found in Miocene-aged coal in this area are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, and S. Compared with the average world coal content, major elemental contents of the two seams have highly enriched levels. Some trace elemental contents (e.g., V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, Zr, and As) of the studied coal samples indicate similarity between the two coal seams, which are highly depleted with respect to the world average. The Al and Si contents of both coal seams have positive correlations with the ash yield, whereas those of Mg, Na, Ca, and Fe have negative correlations. The concentrations of Ni and Ba in these seams are positively correlated with the ash yield, and that of Sr and Zr have negative correlations.
Abstract: Elemental contents, organic matter, and relation with Miocene-aged coal samples were analyzed in Alpu, Eskişehir, Turkey. The coal samples were identified as upper and lower seams in the m2 series. This series includes the following from the bottom to the top: claystone–marl, coal lower seam, sandstone, siltstone–claystone, upper coal seam, and cla...
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