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Aquatic Shallow Subterranean Habitats: General Features
Tanja Pipan,
David Clair Culver
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2018
Pages:
1-6
Received:
25 August 2017
Accepted:
6 September 2017
Published:
5 December 2017
Abstract: Shallow (superficial) subterranean habitats, or SSHs are very close to the surface, but are aphotic. Some of these habitats are large cavities, especially lava tubes, while others are small cavity habitats, especially the underflow of streams and rivers (interstitial aquifers), and the soil. But, there is an especially interesting set of SSHs that do not fit into either category, with intermediate sized space with many close connections with the surface. These habitats include talus and scree slopes, milieu souterrain superficiel (MSS), in both carbonate (soluble) and non-carbonate rocks, including volcanic rocks. Epikarst, the uppermost layer of karst formed largely by solutional processes that may be air or water filled, occupies a similar vertical position to that of the MSS, but perhaps with smaller spaces. The most superficial of SSHs are the miniature perched aquifers (isolated wetlands) given the name hypotelminorheic that exit through seepage springs, diffuse discharges when the flow cannot be immediately observed but the land surface is wet compared to the surrounding area. These two SSHs (epikarst and hypotelminorheic), which do not extend beyond a few meters in depth are called strict sense shallow subterranean habitats and will be presented in more detail.
Abstract: Shallow (superficial) subterranean habitats, or SSHs are very close to the surface, but are aphotic. Some of these habitats are large cavities, especially lava tubes, while others are small cavity habitats, especially the underflow of streams and rivers (interstitial aquifers), and the soil. But, there is an especially interesting set of SSHs that ...
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The Reply to a New Approach to the Stratigraphy of the Pleistocene Sequence Along the Baltic Sea Coast, Westernmost Latvia
Alexander Savvaitov,
Georgy Konshin
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2018
Pages:
7-10
Received:
9 October 2017
Accepted:
28 October 2017
Published:
5 December 2017
Abstract: New conception offered by Tomas Saks, Andis Kalvāns, Vitālijs Zelčs [14] about the stratigraphic interpretation of the Pleistocene sequence in the area of westernmost Latvia along coast of the Baltic Sea cardinally differs from recognition of real stratigraphic units proved on the basis of the biostratigraphic principles. Present article deals with the critical remarks of main aspects of a new stratigraphic conception.
Abstract: New conception offered by Tomas Saks, Andis Kalvāns, Vitālijs Zelčs [14] about the stratigraphic interpretation of the Pleistocene sequence in the area of westernmost Latvia along coast of the Baltic Sea cardinally differs from recognition of real stratigraphic units proved on the basis of the biostratigraphic principles. Present article deals with...
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Preliminary Data of Fluvial Geomorphological Evolution and Its Link with Hazards and Human Impact: The Case of Peiros River, North Western Peloponnese, Greece
Georgios Alevizos,
Giannis Mpalatsas,
Leonidas Stamatopoulos
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2018
Pages:
11-16
Received:
17 October 2017
Accepted:
16 November 2017
Published:
20 December 2017
Abstract: River channel dynamics are the result of the complex interaction between natural and human factors, at both local and regional scale. The study of river channel dynamics may be an important way to better understand the mechanisms that rule the functioning of fluvial systems, allowing predictions of its future evolution to be made and appropriate adaptation measures to be taken, remediating the risks related to the fluvial dynamics. The purpose of this study is to present specific aspects concerning the river channel dynamics of Peiros River, NW Peloponnese, Greece and to reveal the role of various control factors. Peiros, the longest river in Achaea, has sources at the NE part of the Erymanthos mountains flowing into Patras gulf. This study traces the various stages of geomorphological evolution of the low part of Peiros's river channel and enables us to study the links between human activity, local tectonics, morphology and fluvial dynamics. The study area belongs to the geotectonic zone of Gavrovo-Tripoli flysch, consisting mainly of medium-bedded fine-grained sandstones and mudstones and influenced by ENE and WNW trending faults aligned with the river flow. The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport is controlled by various variables, including the natural features of the catchments and human activity. The latter is an important control factor for both the processes of sediment generation, transfer and accumulation and for channel dynamics. At the same time, these processes are responsible on short and long run for the alteration of the river channels, which entail negative environmental consequences. The study revealed restriction of sediment supply, coastal retreat, lateral erosion and migration of the rivers channel that complies with the local tectonics of the area, although major stream offsets are not created. The morphological changes although, are mainly attributed to human intervention factors, such as the construction of a dam and transversal bars that restricted the water flow and consequently the sediment supply. That factor combined with the climate change, had as result to drastically alter the morphology of the area. These morphological changes, except of loss of property and boundary problems, also made the area vulnerable to flush flood events. Structures close to the coast are exposed to more risk because of the measured coast retreat. No remediation measures have been taken, except the installation of rip-rap of limited length and one groin, in an attempt to slow down the coastal retreat and diminish wave action.
Abstract: River channel dynamics are the result of the complex interaction between natural and human factors, at both local and regional scale. The study of river channel dynamics may be an important way to better understand the mechanisms that rule the functioning of fluvial systems, allowing predictions of its future evolution to be made and appropriate ad...
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Metallogenic Series of Gold Deposits in the Cariboo Gold Mining District, British Columbia, Canada
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2018
Pages:
17-22
Received:
24 November 2017
Accepted:
4 December 2017
Published:
11 January 2018
Abstract: The Cariboo gold mining district is located in central British Columbia, Canada. Recorded gold production from the area totals more than 3.87 million ounces, including an estimated 2.64 million ounces from placer mining from 101 creeks and 1.23 million ounces from lode mining. The district consists of two dominant metallogenic series of gold deposits: quartz vein and pyrite replacement styles. The quartz vein series includes strike vein, diagonal vein, orthogonal vein, and quartz veinlets, while the pyrite replacement includes replacement in limestone and that in calcareous clastic rock.
Abstract: The Cariboo gold mining district is located in central British Columbia, Canada. Recorded gold production from the area totals more than 3.87 million ounces, including an estimated 2.64 million ounces from placer mining from 101 creeks and 1.23 million ounces from lode mining. The district consists of two dominant metallogenic series of gold deposi...
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Fast Landform Position Classification to Improve the Accuracy of Remote Sensing Land Cover Mapping
Wenjuan Qi,
Xiaomei Yang,
Zhihua Wang,
Zhi Li,
Fengshuo Yang,
Zhiling Zheng
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2018
Pages:
23-33
Received:
11 October 2017
Accepted:
24 October 2017
Published:
19 January 2018
Abstract: With the increase in the availability of high resolution remote sensing imagery, land cover classification and mapping by high-resolution remote sensing images is becoming an increasingly useful technique for providing a large area of detailed land-cover information. High-resolution images have the characteristics of abundant geometric and detail information, which are beneficial to detailed classification and mapping. However, in such images, similar features may present different land-cover types in various topographic positions, but these differences are hard to recognize in high remote sensing images. When dealing with such problems, ground surveys or rough classifications of elevations are common methods. Ground surveys are time and labor consuming and lack strong real-time capability. A rough classification cannot reflect subtle changes in terrain. In order to make full use of characteristics of high remote sensing images and avoid their insufficient, a topographic position index landform position classification method is utilized in this research. The meaning of using this method is to reduce the amount of misclassification and wrongly mapping land cover types. The Topographic Position Index landform position classification method compares the elevation of each pixel in a digital elevation model to the mean elevation of the neighborhood and defines landform position class of the each pixel. Such landform position classification method allows a variety of nested landforms to be distinguished. This gives a new input for remote sensing land cover classification and mapping. The experimental results in this research proved that a GaoFen-1（GF-1）remote sensing image land cover classification accuracy is significantly improved by using the Topographic Position Index landform position classification method after image segmentation and classification.
Abstract: With the increase in the availability of high resolution remote sensing imagery, land cover classification and mapping by high-resolution remote sensing images is becoming an increasingly useful technique for providing a large area of detailed land-cover information. High-resolution images have the characteristics of abundant geometric and detail i...
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The New Hypothesis of the Origin to the Emeishan LIP: Because of the “Collisions Aggregation Effect” of a Meteorite Impact
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2018
Pages:
34-41
Received:
15 December 2017
Accepted:
3 January 2018
Published:
19 January 2018
Abstract: Emeishan LIP is the only accredited continental flood basalts (CFB) by domestic and international currently in China, there were a lot of explanations about its origin and based only on the petrology, chemistry, most believe its cause of formation is a "mantle plume", but just stay in the geochemical basis, there is no more convincing evidence. This article combined with the experiments and data demonstrate the truth and universality of the "Collisions Aggregation" theory, and think that there was a violent planetary collision occurred in the other side of the earth (the point of impact), the collision caused "Collisions Aggregation" effect and aroused a huge impact energy aggregated in the collisions aggregation point and earthquakes, volcanic activity and massive lava overflowed, the impact point and the collisions aggregation point were at the corresponding points of the ends of the earth through the geocenter, the impact and large-scale magmatism occurred almost simultaneously. The author believe that the Emeishan basalts may not be "mantle plume" caused, which broke lithosphere formed overflowing may not by the dome rising or crust thinning or rift valley of the dome head effect of the "mantle plume", but may be form a rising channel caused by "Collisions Aggregation" effect on account of a violent asteroid impact at the P/T historical periods of the earth, and the thermal fluid overflow because of external disturbances. Meanwhile, this article also explore the dynamic mechanisms of the "mantle plume" and make the role of better ideas to explore the relationship between the distribution of the hot spots in the surface of the earth and the asteroid impact events and the global mass extinction events.
Abstract: Emeishan LIP is the only accredited continental flood basalts (CFB) by domestic and international currently in China, there were a lot of explanations about its origin and based only on the petrology, chemistry, most believe its cause of formation is a "mantle plume", but just stay in the geochemical basis, there is no more convincing evidence. Thi...
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