Consideration of Tobacco Dust as Organic Amendment for Soil: A Soil & Waste Management Strategy
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
117-121
Received:
29 October 2014
Accepted:
28 November 2014
Published:
5 December 2014
Abstract: Soil is non-renewable reserve that has high frequency of contamination and very low rate of replenishment in this environment. Immense food requirements have evolved the compelled usage of chemical fertilizers to have optimum crop leaf area in minimum time scale that have devastating impacts on biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil. Organic farming is an ultimate solution for the soil management. Tobacco dust an agro-industrial waste can be applied to the soil to recycle essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) back into the soil that plant has taken up from the soil. Tobacco dust is rich in nitrogen (N) (2.35%), potassium (K) (1.95%) and phosphorous (P) (937 ug/g) which can provide essential nutrients to the soil and plant. It has abundant quantity of organic content that exceeds the micro and macro-organism movement in soil which further increases the porosity of the soil; increase the infiltration of the oxygen. This study has indicate that tobacco dust increases the pH of the soil, maintain the electrical conductivity (EC) that does not leads to the salinity of the soil. Further it also increases the nitrogen (N) content in various vegetable, house-plants and wheat straws and increases the biomass content and average survival rate of the tomatoes. It’s a good insecticide; prevent the insects and other viruses such as Tobacco mosaic virus that are detrimental for the crops such as pepper, cucumber that shows light and dark green, crinkled, puckered leaves. Furthermore it’s an eco-friendly management strategy for soil, environment and human health that does not generates pollution however it reduces the organic waste.
Abstract: Soil is non-renewable reserve that has high frequency of contamination and very low rate of replenishment in this environment. Immense food requirements have evolved the compelled usage of chemical fertilizers to have optimum crop leaf area in minimum time scale that have devastating impacts on biological, physical and chemical properties of the so...
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Gutenberg-Richter Law Parameters Analysis Using the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network Data Through FastBee Technique
Popandopoulos G. A.,
Chatziioannou E.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
122-131
Received:
27 November 2014
Accepted:
5 December 2014
Published:
16 December 2014
Abstract: The mapping of the minimum completeness magnitude Mc and parameters (a- and b-value) of the Guttenberg-Richter (G-R) law was studied for Greece territory and adjacent areas by using the new earthquakes catalog produced by the Hellenic Unified Seismological Network (HUSN). For the calculation of the parameters a- and b-values the visual method of the completeness magnitude (Mc) definition was used by means of FastBee technique. The results show that with the commissioning of the new network HUSN, the Mc have significantly decreased and have achieved the value M=1.5 in the central part of Greece and practically up to M=2.0 for the entire territory. Despite the short time of observation (11.2011-05.2014) the statistical reliable pattern of the spatial distribution of the G-R law parameters for territory of Greece was derived. In generally the spatial distributions of a- and b-value reflect the known seismotectonic structures of Greece. The distribution of the relatively low b-value coincides with the tectonic compression field which acts along the Hellenic Trench. The relatively low b-value is also observed on the northern-eastern part of Greece. The relatively high values of b-value meet mainly in the central Greece, where the extensional stress field dominates. The spatial pattern of the parameter a-value is reflecting the seismic activity of the under study region. The results of detailed analysis of b-value distribution with depth in the Corinthian Gulf area show that its values significantly decreased (from 1.6 to 0.76) in depth interval from 1 up to 17 km and then gradually increased up to 30 km. The pattern of b-value in depth distribution in this region was interpreted in the frame of hypothesis about the brittle-ductile transition zone existence. On the basis of this result, it is supposed that detailed study of the b-value distribution versus depth can be used for assessment of the focal depths of the impending strong earthquake. The present results show the applicability and the efficiency of the FastBEE technique for three dimension mapping of Mc and the G-R parameters.
Abstract: The mapping of the minimum completeness magnitude Mc and parameters (a- and b-value) of the Guttenberg-Richter (G-R) law was studied for Greece territory and adjacent areas by using the new earthquakes catalog produced by the Hellenic Unified Seismological Network (HUSN). For the calculation of the parameters a- and b-values the visual method of th...
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