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Physicochemical Characteristics of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Oil: Effect of Extraction Procedure
Ali Rafe,
Mohsen Saberi Nadjafi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
1-5
Received:
9 July 2014
Accepted:
22 July 2014
Published:
20 August 2014
Abstract: Garlic oil (GO) is behaves as a nutraceutical compound; however, its application is limited due to its pungency, undesirable aroma, low stability and solubility. The physicochemical properties of GO are certainly key parameters in the encapsulation process. Therefore, the aim of the current work was to study the effect of different extraction procedures such as solvent extraction, distillation method and supercritical fluid extraction (SCF) on the physicochemical properties of garlic oil. The yield of GO was influenced by extraction method and was approximately 5.5, 6 and 7% for steam distillation, solvent methods and SCF-Co2, respectively. The specific gravity was obtained as 0.894 g/cm3 and independent to the extraction method, while the viscosity was changed and more viscosity was obtained by SCF-Co2. The chemical analyses revealed 2.5 as the acid value, 1.27 for free fatty acids, 1.8 as the saponificacation value and 14.5 as the iodine value of GO by SCF-Co2.The results showed that the SCF-Co2 had minor quality and nutritional loss on the GO, and could be applied for special purposes such as encapsulation of garlic oil.
Abstract: Garlic oil (GO) is behaves as a nutraceutical compound; however, its application is limited due to its pungency, undesirable aroma, low stability and solubility. The physicochemical properties of GO are certainly key parameters in the encapsulation process. Therefore, the aim of the current work was to study the effect of different extraction proce...
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An Investigation on the Causes of Escherichia coli and Coliform Contamination of Cheddar Cheese and How to Reduce the Problem (A Case Study at a Cheese Manufacturing Firm in Harare, Zimbabwe)
Amanda Kwenda,
Moses Nyahada,
Amos Musengi,
Misheck Mudyiwa,
Perkins Muredzi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
6-14
Received:
9 September 2014
Accepted:
15 September 2014
Published:
17 September 2014
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of E. coli contamination of Cheddar cheese through the application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles. Cheese samples were analyzed for E. coli and coliforms after production, during the validation stage, as well as at the verification stage. Average E. coli and coliform counts were analyzed statistically using the t-test. Results showed that after the implementation of the corrective measures there was a decrease in E. coli and coliform counts at the 5% level of significance. Results presented in this study also show that manufacturing Cheddar cheese whole observing high standards of hygiene improves the reduces E. coli and coliform contamination of the product, even though the problem is not completely eliminated.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of E. coli contamination of Cheddar cheese through the application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles. Cheese samples were analyzed for E. coli and coliforms after production, during the validation stage, as well as at the verification stage. Average E. coli and coliform...
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Redesigning Waste Water Treatment Process in View of Utilising the Water: A Case Study at a Citrus Juice Processing Company in Zimbabwe
Bruce Chitunhu,
Raphael Kwiri,
Perkins Muredzi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
15-21
Received:
9 September 2014
Accepted:
15 September 2014
Published:
17 September 2014
Abstract: Disposal of industrial wastewater from a local citrus juice processing company was found to be resulting in negative environmental impacts on the vegetation surrounding the disposal site and the treated wastewater did not meet the minimum purity requirements stated in the Zimbabwe Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27). This project was aimed at redesigning the process so that wastewater which meets required legal requirements for quality is discharged and made available for different purposes. Samples of wastewater were collected at the company’s effluent processing plant and experiments were conducted to assess its overall quality. The process was redesigned based on the shortcomings found. The redesigned wastewater treatment prototype gave water that was legally fit for disposal, with an average pH of 7.6 and could be used for irrigation purposes.
Abstract: Disposal of industrial wastewater from a local citrus juice processing company was found to be resulting in negative environmental impacts on the vegetation surrounding the disposal site and the treated wastewater did not meet the minimum purity requirements stated in the Zimbabwe Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27). This project was aimed...
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A Comparative Analysis of Different Pitching Rates on Castle Lager Beer Flavour Stability: A Case Study of Delta Lagers Manufacturing Company Harare, Zimbabwe
Perkins Muredzi,
Chiridza Lynette Tendai,
Dinga N. Moyo,
Clive Winini
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
22-29
Received:
26 September 2014
Accepted:
30 September 2014
Published:
17 October 2014
Abstract: Beer stability is a critical quality parameter and there is vast amount of research that has been done in attempt to understand and optimise it. The research study was incited by the result of low lag time (potential to resist staling) and high T150 (degree of staling) in one of the main stream brands at the beer processing firm, which caused the beer to stale much faster than normal. The research focused on the flavour stability aspect of beer stability and different methods of analysis were employed to investigate the effect of different pitching rates on products of yeast metabolism in-turn flavour stability. Results revealed that beer fermented with a low pitching rate had a high amount of sulphur dioxide which meant the Lag Time was also high due to sulphur dioxide exerting anti-oxidant properties which prevented oxidation of beer for longer periods than beer fermented with a high pitching rate. The results also revealed that there is no significant difference in these beers regards sensory analysis following analysis using the t-test.
Abstract: Beer stability is a critical quality parameter and there is vast amount of research that has been done in attempt to understand and optimise it. The research study was incited by the result of low lag time (potential to resist staling) and high T150 (degree of staling) in one of the main stream brands at the beer processing firm, which caused the b...
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Production of Artificial Sausage Casings from Whey Proteins
Bryne Mubururu,
Dinga N. Moyo,
Perkins Muredzi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
30-38
Received:
5 October 2014
Accepted:
9 October 2014
Published:
17 October 2014
Abstract: This research and product development work is a contribution to both the Dairy and Meat Industry. The work involved the production of artificial sausage casings from whey proteins. The main objective was to utilize whey, a by-product from cheese production and produce an edible film which can be utilized as an alternative sausage casing material. The work was based on the whey proteins film forming capabilities. The formation of whey protein-based films mainly involved heat denaturation in aqueous solution at 75 -100°C, which produced intermolecular disulfide bonds, which were responsible for film structure. A plasticizer was added to impart flexibility and extensibility of the edible polymeric film. Addition of a cross-linking agent was for the formation of chemical links between molecular chains to form a three-dimensional network of connected molecules. Harvesting of the edible films was done via the casting method.
Abstract: This research and product development work is a contribution to both the Dairy and Meat Industry. The work involved the production of artificial sausage casings from whey proteins. The main objective was to utilize whey, a by-product from cheese production and produce an edible film which can be utilized as an alternative sausage casing material. T...
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Development and Evaluation of a Plantain-Peanut Sandwich for the Nigerian Market
Malomo Olu,
Uche E. O.,
Adekoyeni O. O.,
Alamu E. A.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
50-57
Received:
31 August 2014
Accepted:
16 September 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: Protein-energy malnutrition is a common nutritional disorder in developing countries and constitutes a major public health problem in young children and elderly people. This project is aimed at evaluating the acceptability of plantain-peanut sandwich and roasted at different temperatures. A plantain-peanut sandwich consists of minced protein stuffed into a carbohydrate source made into a roll as a food product. The plantain was roasted at two different temperatures then later enriched with 5%, 10% and 15% peanut butter. The crude protein and crude fibre contents of the plantain samples roasted at 200oC and 240oC showed no significant difference (P˃0.05) while the ash, fat and carbohydrate contents showed that there was a significant difference (P˂0.05). Results of the proximate composition showed that there was significant difference (P˂0.05) at the two different roasting temperatures of 200oC and 240oC when enriched at 5%, 10% and 15% levels with peanut butter. This pattern of significant increase was also observed with the amino acid profiles at the two different roasting temperature levels.
Abstract: Protein-energy malnutrition is a common nutritional disorder in developing countries and constitutes a major public health problem in young children and elderly people. This project is aimed at evaluating the acceptability of plantain-peanut sandwich and roasted at different temperatures. A plantain-peanut sandwich consists of minced protein stuffe...
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Protein and Mineral Element Levels of Some Fruit Juices (Citrus spp.) in Some Niger Delta Areas of Nigeria
Chuku L. C.,
Chinaka N. C.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages:
58-60
Received:
7 July 2014
Accepted:
25 November 2014
Published:
27 December 2014
Abstract: The experiment carried out on grape, lime, orange and lemon fruit juices show that orange juice has the least acidic pH value of 4.09, while lime juice has the highest value of 2.09. Grapefruit had the highest percent of protein content at 0.92% while orange juice recorded the least percentage protein content at 0.51%. Mineral elements analyzed show that lemon juice had the highest potassium and calcium content with value of 195.45ppm and 3.52ppm respectively, while orange juice recorded the highest value of magnesium at a value of 0.426ppm. Lime juice recorded the highest iron content with a value of 2.998ppm. This finding compares the concentration of mineral element and protein level of some fruit juices commonly consumed in some Niger Delta areas of Nigeria, as well as determining their pH values. From the results obtained, citrus fruits are therefore highly recommended for consumption as a result of their high mineral element and low protein contents with exception to lime which might increase the acidity of the body.
Abstract: The experiment carried out on grape, lime, orange and lemon fruit juices show that orange juice has the least acidic pH value of 4.09, while lime juice has the highest value of 2.09. Grapefruit had the highest percent of protein content at 0.92% while orange juice recorded the least percentage protein content at 0.51%. Mineral elements analyzed sho...
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