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Quality Attributes of the Most Common Consumed Fresh Fish in Saudi Arabia
Shady Mohammed ElShehawy,
Ali Abd El-Fatah Gab-Alla,
Hamed Mohammed Mutwally
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
85-94
Received:
8 February 2016
Accepted:
21 February 2016
Published:
2 March 2016
Abstract: Although fish is an important food as a source of high biological value of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, fish is a fast perishable food because of the high water activity and the high enzymatic activity in fish viscera. The main target of this study was to evaluate some sensory and chemical attributes of fresh fish samples from the Central Fish Market of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. However, 33 fresh fish samples of 11 species were randomly purchased from the Central Fish Market, El-Kaakia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia during spring 2015. These species are commonly consumed by the local population in Saudi Arabia. Sensory evaluation by quality index method and some chemical analysis such as biogenic amines were done. The obtained results showed that there were significant differences between all studied fish species in pH and TVN value at P>0.05. However, there were no any significant differences in case of fish quality%. It could be noticed that there were 8 samples from 33 samples exceeded pH value of 6.80, represented 24.24% of all samples, and there were 3 samples exceeded TVN value of 30mg/100g, represented 9.09% of all samples. As for quality %, there were 4 samples from 33 samples below 50%, represented 12.12% of all samples. Meanwhile, histamine content of studied fish samples ranged from 0.66±0.33 mg/100g in rusty parrot fish to 17.21±2.85 mg/100g in grey mullet. Eleven fish samples exceeded the permissible limit of tyramine represented 33.33%. The statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between all studied fish samples in tyramine and phenethylamine content at P>0.05 with F value of 0.89 and 0.68, respectively. It is recommended to carry out the same study on other central fish markets such as Jeddah, Riyadh and Dammam. Consequently, a complete quality assurance system must be planned to be applied in any central fish market in Saudi Arabia. It should be considered some criteria such as refrigerated cars, sun protected receiving area, fish layer thickness, ice/fish ratio, using of fine ice, using of salty ice and mechanical refrigeration.
Abstract: Although fish is an important food as a source of high biological value of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, fish is a fast perishable food because of the high water activity and the high enzymatic activity in fish viscera. The main target of this study was to evaluate some sensory and chemical attributes of fresh fish sa...
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Microbiology (Endobacteriology) of Fruit and Vegetable Crops: An Expanded and Continuing Study
Jack R. Edelman,
Yue J. Lin
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
95-104
Received:
21 January 2016
Accepted:
17 February 2016
Published:
4 March 2016
Abstract: Many commercial fruits and vegetables consumed regularly by the public were tested for the presence and identification of bacteria within their inner flesh/pulp. Our recent previous work has shown that many commercial fruits and vegetables contain various species of resident bacteria, a science we have termed ‘endobacteriololgy’. Fruits and vegetables were thoroughly washed and their inner flesh was swabbed onto agar plates. Any colonies that appeared were sent to specialized laboratories for identification by DNA sequence analysis. While many fruits and vegetables contained an inner flesh that was sterile, many others were found to harbor various species of bacteria. Among these were blueberries, rhubarb, pineapple, artichokes, okra, celery, asparagus, figs, anise/fennel, white/Rainier cherries, coconuts, cardoon, turmeric, and others. Leafy vegetables produced particularly large numbers of bacterial colonies, such as radicchio, Boston lettuce, Iceberg lettuce, red and green cabbage, Brussels sprouts, endive, bok choy/pak choy/Chinese cabbage. The presence of these species may or may not imply that consumption of these crops, when uncooked or undercooked, are hazardous to human health, except, perhaps, under certain disease/health conditions.
Abstract: Many commercial fruits and vegetables consumed regularly by the public were tested for the presence and identification of bacteria within their inner flesh/pulp. Our recent previous work has shown that many commercial fruits and vegetables contain various species of resident bacteria, a science we have termed ‘endobacteriololgy’. Fruits and vegetab...
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Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the Production and Optimization of Extruded Instant Porridge from Broken Rice Fractions Blended with Cowpea
Danbaba Nahemiah,
Iro Nkama,
Mamudu Halidu Badau
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
105-116
Received:
2 October 2015
Accepted:
13 October 2015
Published:
8 March 2016
Abstract: Instant porridge from low grade broken rice fractions blended with cowpea to enhance protein quantity and quality was developed in this study through extrusion cooking technology. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) were adopted for the formulation and optimization of the process variables. The main objective was to obtain the optimum level of extruder barrel temperature (X1), feed moisture level (X2) and feed cowpea level (X3) that will produce optimum porridge having appreciably high protein, water dispersibility, lysine content and calorie value. ANOVA indicated significance (p˂0.05) of the models fitted in describing the relationship between the input and output variables in its natural state. The coefficient of the determination was also greater than 80% and non-significant lack-of-fit test. Numerical optimization results indicated that the optimum input variables were 120°C barrel temperature, 24g/100g cowpea formulation and 20g/100g feed moisture composition which produce 99.02% dispersibility, 24.13g/100g protein, 73.44% carbohydrate and 388.82kcal/100g calorie, and lysine of 5.02mg/g protein. These data will sharpen the weaning food industry by providing wide opportunity for new food production using low grade rice and common legumes, thereby increasing the economic values of both locally grown rice and cowpea.
Abstract: Instant porridge from low grade broken rice fractions blended with cowpea to enhance protein quantity and quality was developed in this study through extrusion cooking technology. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) were adopted for the formulation and optimization of the process variables. The main obje...
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Consumption of Whole Grains by a Sample of Saudi Adults
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
117-123
Received:
23 February 2016
Accepted:
5 March 2016
Published:
16 March 2016
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the consumption of grain groups and their products in a sample of adult Saudis in Riyadh and to determine how much of whole grains and their products were consumed. The study adopted a descriptive method in which a questionnaire designed to include demographic data, a semi-quantitative dietary frequency form and questions regarding the reasons for not consuming whole grains and their products was administered to the participants. Data were collected from 150 adult Saudis of both sexes. The findings revealed that 43.30% of the participants consumed whole grains and their products at a rate of 6–11 portions per day, while 57.30% of the participants did not daily consume any kind of whole grain or their products. Bread and white rice were most often consumed by the participants. Among the participants, 36% reported that not accepting the taste of whole grains and their products was one of the most important reasons for not consuming them. Other reasons, such as their unavailability in various forms on a daily basis in small food supply stores, were mentioned by 31% of the participants. The study also revealed the existence of a significant negative correlation between the participants’ demographic characteristics and the consumption rate of the group of grains and their products. Higher education level and the family being joint (extended) were correlated with lower consumption of grains group and their products.
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the consumption of grain groups and their products in a sample of adult Saudis in Riyadh and to determine how much of whole grains and their products were consumed. The study adopted a descriptive method in which a questionnaire designed to include demographic data, a semi-quantitative dietary frequency form and questions...
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Comparative Study of Selenium-Enriched Conditions from Ganoderma lucidum and Yeasts
Liu Pei-Li,
Wang Da-Yan,
Hao Yong-Chun,
Huang Shu-Ming
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
124-128
Received:
17 January 2016
Accepted:
28 January 2016
Published:
22 March 2016
Abstract: This paper compared the conditions of selenium-enriched from Ganoderma lucidum and yeasts. The optimal conditions for shake flask were carried out by a single factor test and orthogonal test L9(34), giving a comparative study on the ability of biotransformation of inorganic selenium between Ganoderma lucidum and yeasts. The orthogonal experimental results showed that the optimal conditions for shake flask growth of Ganoderma lucidum were as bellow: culture medium final concentration of Na2SeO3 (Se4+) was 20mg/L, 15% inoculum, incubation time 42h, medium volume 60ml/250ml. The total content of selenium in fermentation of G. lucidum was 1540.34±19.21µg/g, and the growth capacity of mycelium of G. lucidum was 51.56±0.065g/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for shake flask cell growth of yeasts were as bellow: culture medium final concentration of Na2SeO3 (Se4+) was 25mg/L, 10% inoculum, incubation time 48h, medium volume 50ml/250ml. The total content of selenium in fermentation of yeasts was 2454.86±29.82µg/g, and the growth capacity of cell of yeasts was 6.44±0.023g/L, respectively.
Abstract: This paper compared the conditions of selenium-enriched from Ganoderma lucidum and yeasts. The optimal conditions for shake flask were carried out by a single factor test and orthogonal test L9(34), giving a comparative study on the ability of biotransformation of inorganic selenium between Ganoderma lucidum and yeasts. The orthogonal experimental ...
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Comparative Analysis of Some Trace Element Contents of Staple Cereals Grown in Plateau State, North-central Nigeria
Kiri Hashimu Jaryum,
Samuel Yusufu Gazuwa,
Olukemi Dayok,
Justina Ononye Onyeka
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
129-133
Received:
29 February 2016
Accepted:
11 March 2016
Published:
24 March 2016
Abstract: Cereals account for more than half of the staple foods of the population in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Elemental composition of foodstuffs varies according to genetic and environmental factors, with environment playing a greater role for the crop type. In this study, four trace elements were determined in four staple cereal foodstuffs consumed in North-Central Nigeria with a view to comparing them. The cereals studied were Oryza sativa (rice), Zea mays (maize), Sorghum bicolor (guinea corn) and Eleusine coracana (finger millet). Mineral concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Data obtained were statistically analysed by the Student’s t-test. Guinea corn has the highest elemental composition with zinc been the most abundant of the elements, occurring at 0.3690±0.0007 mg/100g; followed by millet with Fe occurring at 0.2740±0.0004mg/100g. Copper was the least abundant trace element found in the cereals; occurring at 0.0006±0.0002mg/100g in millet, followed by 0.0012±0.0001mg/100g in rice. Moreover, it was discovered that the levels of trace elements in all the cereals (except Zn in guinea corn) studied were lower than the FAO/WHO dietary requirements; the estimated average requirement, EAR; and also the recommended daily allowance, RDA. It was concluded that the studied population might be at risk of deficiencies of these elements.
Abstract: Cereals account for more than half of the staple foods of the population in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Elemental composition of foodstuffs varies according to genetic and environmental factors, with environment playing a greater role for the crop type. In this study, four trace elements were determined in four staple cereal foodstuffs consumed in...
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Malnutrition Among Basic Schools’ Children of Elshagalwa Village, Shendi Locality, Sudan
Faroug Bakheit Mohamed Ahmed,
Esam-Eddin Bakheit Mohamed Ahmed
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
134-138
Received:
11 February 2016
Accepted:
5 March 2016
Published:
28 March 2016
Abstract: In this cross-sectional community based study, first class children of six basic school children (three male schools and three female schools) of Elshagalwa village, north of Shendi town were subjected to determine their nutritional status by assessing total serum protein and serum albumin. The method s of our study included a questionnaire in order to determine the nutrition status of child; usually consumed foodstuff and socioeconomic status of child’s family, and biochemical parameters such as total serum protein and serum albumin. The study showed that the mean ± SD of total serum protein and serum albumin of study sample were 6.4 ± 0.9 g/dl and 4.0 ± 0.6 g/dl respectively. The present study also revealed that most of pupils had normal nutrition status (87.2%) and 12.8% of children were suffering from malnutrition, 5.6% of them were with moderate malnutrition, 94.4% with mild malnutrition and there are no cases with severe malnutrition. The study suggested that the child sex (gender) showed no effect on children nutritional status, parents’ education level particularly of mothers had a positive effect on nutritional status and family size had a negative effect on nutritional status.
Abstract: In this cross-sectional community based study, first class children of six basic school children (three male schools and three female schools) of Elshagalwa village, north of Shendi town were subjected to determine their nutritional status by assessing total serum protein and serum albumin. The method s of our study included a questionnaire in orde...
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Watermelon Seeds as Food: Nutrient Composition, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity
Betty Tabiri,
Jacob K. Agbenorhevi,
Faustina D. Wireko-Manu,
Elsa I. Ompouma
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2016
Pages:
139-144
Received:
7 March 2016
Accepted:
18 March 2016
Published:
30 March 2016
Abstract: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds are often discarded while the fruit is eaten. In this study, seeds of three (3) varieties of watermelon (Charleston gray, Crimson sweet and Black diamond) were analyzed for their proximate, minerals, phytochemicals, total phenols content and antioxidant activity. The proximate analysis and phytochemicals screening were performed using standard procedures whereas minerals content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. DPPH free radical scavenging activity and Folin-ciocalteau assays were used to determine antioxidant activity and total phenol content, respectively. The results indicated that the watermelon seeds had moisture content in the range of 7.40 - 8.50%; fat, 26.50 - 27.83%; protein, 16.33 - 17.75%; fibre, 39.09 - 43.28%; ash, 2.00 - 3.00%; carbohydrate, 9.55 - 15.32% and energy value of 354.05 - 369.11 kcal/100g. The seeds also contained appreciable minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and Zn) with K (3.40-3.5 mg/100g) being the highest while Na (0.07 - 0.08 mg/100g) was the least. DPPH% inhibition varied between 59.88-94.46% inhibition with trolox equivalent of 82.59-130.29 µM/g depending on the variety. Saponins, tannins, triterpenoids glycosides and alkaloids were present in all samples. Crimson sweet seeds had the highest total phenol content (5416 mgGAE/100g), followed by Black diamond (3949 mg GAE/100g) and the least, Charleston gray (1494 mg GAE/100g). Similarly, Crimson sweet had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Black diamond and lastly, Charleston gray. The present findings suggest watermelon seeds as considerable source of nutrients in the diet and may have health and economic benefits due to its fibre, minerals, phenolics content and antioxidant activity.
Abstract: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds are often discarded while the fruit is eaten. In this study, seeds of three (3) varieties of watermelon (Charleston gray, Crimson sweet and Black diamond) were analyzed for their proximate, minerals, phytochemicals, total phenols content and antioxidant activity. The proximate analysis and phytochemicals screeni...
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