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Betalains, Polyacetylenes and Tocols as Biocompounactives: A Concise Review for Enriching the Bioactivity Concept
Abdelkarim GUAADAOUI,
Rafik SADDIK,
Abderahime BOUALI,
Noureddine BOUKHATEM,
Nour Eddine BENCHAT,
Abdellah HAMAL
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
230-237
Received:
23 May 2014
Accepted:
7 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: Bioactive compound is “a compound which has the capability and the ability to interact with one or more component(s) of the living tissue by presenting a wide range of probable effects” .In a previous study; we discussed the bioactivity concepts and we used, for the first time, the term of "biocompounactive" to more simplify the use of bioactive compound/component in relation to their physicochemical and biological properties (e.g. chemical structure, bioavailability…etc.). The aim of this work is to prove different concepts discussed about “bioactivity” by giving some chosen examples (betalains, polyacetylenes and tocols) that demonstrate different bioactivities of these biocompounactives. Betalains, polyacetylenes and tocols are generally not categorized like the known classes of phytochemicals (phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenes), but exhibit important bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and radioprotective properties… etc.
Abstract: Bioactive compound is “a compound which has the capability and the ability to interact with one or more component(s) of the living tissue by presenting a wide range of probable effects” .In a previous study; we discussed the bioactivity concepts and we used, for the first time, the term of "biocompounactive" to more simplify the use of bioactive co...
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Determinations of Phytochemical, Vitamin, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Varieties of Watermelon Seeds Cultivated in Borno State, North – Eastern Nigeria
Gwana,
A. M.,
Bako,
M. M.,
Bagudu,
B. Y.,
Sadiq,
A. B.,
Abdullahi,
M. Mai
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
238-245
Received:
27 May 2014
Accepted:
12 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: This study on the determination of phytochemical, mineral, vitamins compositions and proximate analysis on watermelons seeds cultivated in Borno State, north – eastern Nigeria was conducted on the two varieties of Citrullus lanatus of Sassako and Rosmas. The fruits are selected directly from the farm randomly at Auno village, removed from the fruits, dried, processed under room temperature, subjected to analyses, as described by AOAC, (1990) and Ergan, Kirk and Sawyer, (1981). The findings revealed that, the fruits produced in this area are moderately large in size and weight. The Sassako fruit’s, length, width, diameter and numbers of seeds content were more than that of the Rosmas variety, except the weight of the Rosmas seeds is slightly more than the Sassako seeds. The seeds contained six phytochemicals; alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, gallic acid, saponins, and tannins which are said to be an antioxidant, prevent and heals various diseases. The varieties of Sassako and Rosmas seeds possessed eight types of mineral elements in higher concentration levels (mg/kg). The Sassako variety (seeds) contains more concentration of potassium, copper, manganese, magnesium and calcium with less content of sodium, iron and zinc than when compared to Rosmas variety. Rosmas variety contains more quantities of minerals, includes; iron, zinc and sodium with less quantities of potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium and copper when compared with the Sassako variety. The varieties of Rosmas and Sassako seeds contains six types of vitamins; C, Total folate, B1, B2, B5 and B6 in a moderate concentration (mg/kg). The seeds of Rosmas variety contain more amounts of the vitamins than the Sassako variety; the seeds of Rosmas variety are the most preferable in terms of vitamin content. The result of the proximate analysis; Rosmas seed variety contained more moisture, crude fibres and crude fats than the Sassako variety, while Sassako seed variety had more ash, protein, carbohydrate and dry matter contents than the Rosmas variety. Statistical analysis of the variables were found to be highly significant, and accepted. The results support the works of most authors such as Ayoola et al, (2012); ‘‘Watermelon’’, (2008) and WHFoods, (2011). The findings revealed that, seeds of C. lanatus contained a very high concentration of nutrients for both human and livestock consumption, most preferable among the varieties is the Sassako, the fruits can grow very well in this area with a reasonable sizes, lot of matured black flatten and oval seeds. With large scale farming of the plant, lot of income would be generated.
Abstract: This study on the determination of phytochemical, mineral, vitamins compositions and proximate analysis on watermelons seeds cultivated in Borno State, north – eastern Nigeria was conducted on the two varieties of Citrullus lanatus of Sassako and Rosmas. The fruits are selected directly from the farm randomly at Auno village, removed from the fruit...
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Development of Fiber Enriched Herbal Biscuits: A Preliminary Study on Sensory Evaluation and chemical Composition
Md. Ariful Alam,
Md. Jahangir Alam,
Md. Abdul Hakim,
A. K. Obidul Huq,
S. M. Golam Moktadir
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
246-250
Received:
18 April 2014
Accepted:
13 May 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: The study was designed to formulate a fiber enriched herbal biscuits (Holy Basil and Moringa) that contains sufficient nutrient (protein and fiber enriched). The objectives of this research were to determine the Biochemical and organoleptic attributes of Herbal biscuit substituted with four different percentages i.e., Normal, Sample -1(1 %), Sample – 2 (2 %) and Sample – 3 (3%) both Tulshi and Moringa leaves. Fiber enriched herbal biscuits were developed by incorporating Tulshi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves, Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, whole wheat flour, egg white, vegetable oil, margarine (dalda) and other necessary ingredients. This recipe was standardized and evaluated for organoleptic acceptability by five point’s hedonic scale. The overall acceptability score of normal biscuit, sample biscuit 1, 2 and 3 were 4.46, 4.43, 4.03 and 4.14 respectively out of 5. The nutritive values of the normal standard biscuits were protein 14.7g, fat 19.5g, carbohydrate 56.6g, fiber 2.3g, ash 2.1% and 458Kcal. On the other hand, the prepared herbal biscuits of sample-1 contain 4.6% moisture, 2.9% crude fiber, 460Kcal energy and 14.8% protein, 20.1% fat, 55.4% carbohydrate, 2.2% ash. But the Sample-2 and 3 biscuits contains 4.5% moisture, 3.5% crude fiber, 457 Kcal energy and 14.6% protein, 19.9% fat, 55.2% carbohydrate, 2.3% ash and 4.7% moisture, 4.1% crude fiber, 449 Kcal energy and 14.9% protein, 19.3% fat, 54.6% carbohydrate, 2.4% ash respectively. It was noted that the quality characteristics were improved due to incorporation of acceptable level of Tulshi and Moringa leaves at certain proportion. The organoleptic test showed that the addition of both Tulshi and Moringa leaves at 1% was more acceptable comparing with all quality characteristics.
Abstract: The study was designed to formulate a fiber enriched herbal biscuits (Holy Basil and Moringa) that contains sufficient nutrient (protein and fiber enriched). The objectives of this research were to determine the Biochemical and organoleptic attributes of Herbal biscuit substituted with four different percentages i.e., Normal, Sample -1(1 %), Sample...
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Proximate and Mineral Composition, Protein Quality of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (Roselle) Seeds Cultivated in Two Agro Ecological Areas in Cameroon
Maffo Tazoho Ghislain,
Agbor Esther Etengeneng,
Mekoudjou Nouwou Hermine Sonia,
Kengne Sikati Christelle Noelle,
Gouado Inocent
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
251-258
Received:
14 May 2014
Accepted:
7 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: The chemical composition and protein quality of raw, boiled, toasted and soak-toasted roselle seeds harvested in the North (area I) and West (area II) regions of Cameroon were investigated in this study. To conduct the growth and nitrogen balance study, sixty albinos wistar rats of 21 to 25 days separated into ten groups of six rats/group were used and fed for fourteen days with 10% (w/w) isoproteinous experimental diets. These groups were Protein free diet (D0), egg white-standard reference protein diet (D1) and raw (D2I, D2II), boiled (D3I, D3II), toasted (D4I, D4II) and soak-toasted (D5II, D6II) roselle seed diets. Transaminases, serum creatinine, haematocrit, lipid parameters were also assessed in the rats. Results showed that crude protein, lipid, fiber and ash content of seed samples ranged respectively from 22 to 26, 18 to 22, 18 to 23 and 4.3 to 6.4%. The contents of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Fe and Zn were ranged from 1054 to 1920, 1670 to 2083, 26.45 to 272.7, 14 to 22, 10.58 to 90.78, 137.3 to 169.22 and 10.13 to 70.11 mg/kg respectively. Food intake was higher (P<0.05) for groups D1, D3I and D3II than for others groups. The rats fed with reference diet followed by boiled seed diets had the highest (P<0.05) weight gained, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), feed efficiency (FE), efficiency of food utilization (EFU) and true digestibility (TD). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotranferase were highest (p<0.05) in the rats fed raw roselle seeds. Compared to reference diet, the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL-C of rats fed with diet D5II decreased while the HDL-C did not show any significant changes in these rats (p˃0.05). These findings show that roselle seeds cultivated in Cameroon have important amount of macronutrients and minerals. Proteins of roselle seeds are of good quality especially from the boiled seeds and are not influenced by the agro ecological region. Consumption of roselle seeds might be beneficial for cardio protective effect and no toxicity was observed as far as transaminases are concerned except that for the raw seeds which showed significant hepatotoxicity.
Abstract: The chemical composition and protein quality of raw, boiled, toasted and soak-toasted roselle seeds harvested in the North (area I) and West (area II) regions of Cameroon were investigated in this study. To conduct the growth and nitrogen balance study, sixty albinos wistar rats of 21 to 25 days separated into ten groups of six rats/group were used...
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Changing Trends in Dietary Pattern and Implications to Food and Nutrition Security in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Jan Mei Soon,
E. Siong Tee
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
259-269
Received:
4 June 2014
Accepted:
18 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: Availability, accessibility and food affordability does not necessarily guarantee its nutritional quality. A core component of food security includes nutrient utilization which reflects the need for dietary quality for an active and healthy lifestyle. Traditional diets particularly in urban areas are being replaced by diets higher in fats, salts and animal products and often with lower intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables resulting in a nutrition transition. Food consumption expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per capita per day is a key variable for measuring and evaluating the changes in dietary patterns. Back in the 1970s, the food consumption per capita in Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam measured less than 2200 kcal/day. A daily energy intake of 2200 kcal is regarded as necessary to avoid malnutrition. At present, it would appear that all SEA countries have increased to more than 2300 kcal/day. Obesity can co-exist with malnutrition in the same society. When food insecurity exists, dietary quality may be compromised which leads to higher intake of energy from food that are high in fat and carbohydrate, but low in nutrients and lack diversity. There have been increases in energy contribution from added vegetable oils and added sugars. Drivers for dietary pattern changes include trade liberalisation, international food trade leading to ‘burgerization’, foreign direct investment, emergence of supermarkets and fast food chains, increase in income and socioeconomic gains, urbanisation and access to social and mass media. Nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCD) stems largely from the transition from traditional to contemporary patterns of food consumption and physical activity. Intervention strategies include rolling out the National Plan of Action for Nutrition (NPAN) (e.g. in Malaysia) which aims to ensure household food and nutrition security for all and to prevent and control diet-related non-communicable diseases. Economic measures such as imposing tax on sugar and energy-dense but nutrient-poor food. Labelling, home economics emphasizing the importance of nutrition security and the promotion of traditional healthy diets should be targeted among local communities and in the education system.
Abstract: Availability, accessibility and food affordability does not necessarily guarantee its nutritional quality. A core component of food security includes nutrient utilization which reflects the need for dietary quality for an active and healthy lifestyle. Traditional diets particularly in urban areas are being replaced by diets higher in fats, salts an...
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Extraction Optimization and Characterization of Collagen from the Lung of Soft-Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus Sinensis
Wei Song,
Wei Chen,
Ya’nan Yang,
Caiyan Li,
Guoying Qian
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
270-278
Received:
5 June 2014
Accepted:
20 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: The soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is a commercially important aquatic species with abundant collagen content and precious nutritious high quality goods. The present study was to optimize the collagen extraction from lung of Pelodiscus sinensis. Single-factor test was employed to investigate the effects of different extraction methods and the major factors that influence the collagen production in enzymatic extraction method on the collagen yield of lung. Optimization of the papain enzymatic extraction parameters was then examined using an orthogonal test design L9 (34). The optimum extraction conditions were obtained when the extraction temperature, papain enzyme dose, the ratio of solid to solution, and extraction time were 32°C, 4.0mg/ml, 1:35, and 12h, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the collagen yield was up to 79.29%. The properties of turtle lung collagen were characterized by SDS-PAGE, UV scanning, and amino acid analysis. The results showed that the extracted lung collagen had high imino acid content at 21.8% and contained two α chains, β, and γ-components, belonging to the typical type I collagen. The amphibious aquatic turtle collagen is thought to be a viable novel source for replacement of terrestrial mammals and could provide scientific reference for the development of collagen polypeptide for terrapin animals.
Abstract: The soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is a commercially important aquatic species with abundant collagen content and precious nutritious high quality goods. The present study was to optimize the collagen extraction from lung of Pelodiscus sinensis. Single-factor test was employed to investigate the effects of different extraction methods an...
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Proximate Composition of Pumpkin Gourd (Cucurbita Pepo) Seeds from Zimbabwe
Raphael Kwiri,
Clive Winini,
Amos Musengi,
Misheck Mudyiwa,
Clarice Nyambi,
Perkins Muredzi,
Abigail Malunga
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
279-283
Received:
11 June 2014
Accepted:
24 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: Curcubita pepo seeds have been widely consumed in Zimbabwe way back in the 1970s, but still locally, there is no data on the nutritional quality of Curcubita pepo seeds, hence the study attempted to avail this information. Curcubita pepo seeds from selected places in Zimbabwe were analysed. The proximate analysis including major nutrients and minerals were determined. The C. pepo seed had a moisture content of 5.662±0.016gkg-1. Significantly, Curcubita pepo had high amounts of crude oil and proteins as compared to other edible oil rich seeds. The crude oil content and protein were 43.460±0.098gkg-1 and 32.860±0.103gkg-1 respectively. Other components such as carbohydrates, crude fibre and energy were 12.160±0.142gkg-1, 2.578±0.007gkg-1 and 562.82±0.132gkg-1 correspondingly. Ash content was 3.324±0.010gkg-1 which was further analysed into various major minerals giving analysed means as Na (67.956±0.037gkg-1), Zn (1.244±0.010gkg-1), P (1040.8±0.663gkg-1), Fe (11.980±0.086gkg-1), Ca (141±0.316gkg-1) and Mg (344.6±0.245gkg-1). The findings indicated that C. pepo seeds are a good alternative source of highly nutritious food for instance proteins and lipids as well as minerals (Mg, Ca, Zn, P and Fe) that could greatly contribute to human nutritional requirements. However, it still remains important to further profile the quality of the lipids and proteins from C. pepo seed so as to verify their essentiality and availability to the human body as well as evaluating the presence of other bioactive and antinutritional factors that might be present in these seeds.
Abstract: Curcubita pepo seeds have been widely consumed in Zimbabwe way back in the 1970s, but still locally, there is no data on the nutritional quality of Curcubita pepo seeds, hence the study attempted to avail this information. Curcubita pepo seeds from selected places in Zimbabwe were analysed. The proximate analysis including major nutrients and miner...
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Antinutritional Factors in Plant Foods: Potential Health Benefits and Adverse Effects
Habtamu Fekadu Gemede,
Negussie Ratta
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
284-289
Received:
3 June 2014
Accepted:
4 July 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: Anti-nutritional factors are compounds which reduce the nutrient utilization and/or food intake of plants or plant products used as human foods and they play a vital role in determining the use of plants for humans. This paper is aimed to review the updated scientific information regarding the potential health benefits and adverse effects associated with major antinutritional factors found in plant foods. Antinutrients in plant foods are responsible for deleterious effects related to the absorption of nutrients and micronutrients. However, some antinutrients may exert beneficial health effects at low concentrations. For example, phytic acid, lectins, tannins, saponins, amylase inhibitors and protease inhibitors have been shown to reduce the availability of nutrients and cause growth inhibition. However, when used at low levels, phytate, lectins, tannins, amylase inhibitors and saponins have also been shown to reduce the blood glucose and insulin responses to starchy foods and/or the plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. In addition, phytates, tannins, saponins, protease inhibitors, goetrogens and oxalates have been related to reduce cancer risks. This implies that anti-nutrients might not always harmful even though lack of nutritive value. Despite of this, the balance between beneficial and hazardous effects of plant bioactives and anti-nutrients rely on their concentration, chemical structure, time of exposure and interaction with other dietary components. Due to this, they can be considered as anti-nutritional factors with negative effects or non-nutritive compounds with positive effects on health.
Abstract: Anti-nutritional factors are compounds which reduce the nutrient utilization and/or food intake of plants or plant products used as human foods and they play a vital role in determining the use of plants for humans. This paper is aimed to review the updated scientific information regarding the potential health benefits and adverse effects associate...
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Development and Nutritional Evaluation of Infant Complementary Food from Maize (Zea Mays), Soybean (Glycine Max) and Moringa Oleifera Leaves
Nwosu Odinakachukwu I. C.,
Nnam Ngozi N.,
Ibeziako Ngozi,
Maduforo Aloysius N.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
290-299
Received:
26 June 2014
Accepted:
3 July 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: Aims: This study developed and evaluated infant complementary food made from locally available foods to which was feed to infants 6-12 months of age. The study was aimed to: develop infant complementary food from yellow maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max) and green leafy vegetables (Moringa oleifera), determine the nutrient composition of the complementary food, determine the acceptability of the food and determine the nutritional quality of the infant complementary food in children. Study Design: The study made use of both food samples and human samples. It investigated the nutrient content of the diet blend and conducted a test trial with children. Methodology: All the food materials were milled into fine flours. The proximate, energy, mineral and β-carotene contents of the flours were determined using standard methods. The flours were used to develop 2 blends in ratios of 60:40 (control) and 60:30:10 (test) maize + soybean and maize + soybean + Moringa oleifera leaves respectively. The 2 blends provided 10% protein. The blends were used to prepare gruels whose sensory evaluation was conducted using 30 mothers. The gruels were fed to 2 groups of infants in the Holy Child Motherless Babies Home in Enugu for 12 weeks. Result: Protein (15. 15% vs 11.36.2) and carbohydrate (47.15% vs 55.73%) of the blends differed (P<0.05). Ash, fat, crude fiber and energy of both blends were comparable (P>0.05). The Iron and zinc contents of the blends were similar (P>0.05). β-carotene and calcium of the test blend were higher (P<0.05) than that of control blend. The blends had comparable (P>0.05) flavor, texture and acceptability, however, it differed in colour (P<0.05). The body weight of the subjects increased significantly (P<0.05) after feeding the test diet. Length, head circumference and chest circumference increased slightly (P>0.05) in the 2 groups after feeding. Haemoglobin (Hb) was higher (12.34% vs 8.96%) in the group fed test blend and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) increased much more in the subjects fed control blend. Conclusion: Moringa oliefera fortification of the infant complementary food improved the nutrient quality. Shade-dried Moringa oleifera leaves had good nutrient profile and general acceptability. Incorporation of pulverized Moringe oleifera leaves in infants’ food could diversity food intake, ensure food and nutrition security.
Abstract: Aims: This study developed and evaluated infant complementary food made from locally available foods to which was feed to infants 6-12 months of age. The study was aimed to: develop infant complementary food from yellow maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max) and green leafy vegetables (Moringa oleifera), determine the nutrient composition of the c...
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New Findings on Energy Balance and Established Wisdom
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
300-306
Received:
27 June 2014
Accepted:
9 July 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: Background. Energy balance in blood and body may differ for a day or two although compensating in a month. Most people (60%) maintain a positive energy balance and a high blood glucose (BG) high energy availability in blood and high resting metabolic rate that correspond to insulin resistance/fattening and ill health. A meal/satiety pattern dictated by the rhythmic arousal of Initial Hunger (IH and IHMP) improved exhaustion of the energy consumed in previous meals and decreased high energy intake, high preprandial BG, high resting metabolic rate (RMR), insulin resistance, overall subclinical inflammation, vascular risks, deteriorations and functional disorders. Methods. We defined Initial Hunger as sensations that spontaneously arise after eating suspension. IH consistently arouse in different groups when BG declined toward 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL. A week diary reported assessments of IH and preprandial BG measurements before the three main meals. Mean BG in a week was stratified within normal BG limits, but different subjects pertained to different strata. Thirty-one untrained control adults maintained his/her own mean and BG stratum for five months. After training, these subjects changed his/her own mean BG to the stratum that was associated with IHMP. Measurements reported by diary, of RMR and of total energy expenditure demonstrated this stratum change. From recruitment, the mean decrease was 15.4% by indirect calorimetry and 15.5% by doubly labeled water in a total of 24 toddlers (P < 0.001). Mean BG thus assessed the deviation of a meal pattern from the mean BG associated with IH (IHMP). Results. In San Diego ASN 2014, we showed the effectiveness of IHMP on regression of fattening/insulin resistance for a long term in 181 adults of mixed body weight who had bowel functional disorders and were clinically normal. However we had earlier designed IHMP for a broader aim as compared to a body loss device. We wanted to educate children and future adults to an intestinal low immune involvement and to the best fitting of intake to body regulations. Thus, we tried to publish the recovery of diarrheic malnourished infants by IHMP in an American Society for Nutrition (ASN) Journal. Subjects were aged less than 15 months, had lower body weight per age than 70% and recovered through many months and years. This aim was right opposite to weight loss. The ASN Journal rejected the publication as findings of clinical but no nutritional interest. Med Crave promptly published the findings. In a broader thought, the ASN Journal protected the established assistance beliefs and trusts from the confounding intrusion of an innovative, self-help system (IHMP).
Abstract: Background. Energy balance in blood and body may differ for a day or two although compensating in a month. Most people (60%) maintain a positive energy balance and a high blood glucose (BG) high energy availability in blood and high resting metabolic rate that correspond to insulin resistance/fattening and ill health. A meal/satiety pattern dictate...
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Sensory Evaluation of Cookies Produced from Different Blends of Wheat and moringa Oleifera Leaf Flour
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
307-310
Received:
5 May 2014
Accepted:
22 May 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Blends of wheat flour (WF) and Moringa oleifera leaf powder or flour were processed into cookies in the following ratios 100:0,90:10,80:20,70:30,50:50. The sensory evaluation of the cookies samples from the blends was performed. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the different attributes that were determined such as in colour, crispiness, taste, flavour and general acceptability. The sensory general acceptability scores showed that the best Moringa flour substitution level for making cookies was 10% (90:10) and 20% (80:20).
Abstract: Blends of wheat flour (WF) and Moringa oleifera leaf powder or flour were processed into cookies in the following ratios 100:0,90:10,80:20,70:30,50:50. The sensory evaluation of the cookies samples from the blends was performed. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the different attributes that wer...
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Serum Zinc Deficiency and Associated Factors among Pre-ART and on-ART Adults at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia
Abera Ademasu,
Bizuayehu Kerisew,
Endalkachew Nibret,
Abayneh Munshea,
Melaku Adal
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
311-317
Received:
3 July 2014
Accepted:
16 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Among several trace elements, zinc is a micronutrient that has a very significant role in maintaining immune function. Studies investigating trace elements status in people living with HIV/AIDS are few in Ethiopia. Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate the concentration of serum zinc among sex and age matched pre ART and on ART adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 people living with HIV/AIDS (75 pre -ART and 75 on -ART) adults. Concentrations of zinc from serum were measured using fully automated flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. CD4+ T-cell count, CD8+ T-cell count, hemoglobin determination, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were performed to evaluate the clinical status of study participants. Results: Serum zinc deficiencies were observed in 46 (30.7%) study participants. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, pre-ART study participants were nearly four times more likely at risk of serum zinc deficiency than on-ART study participants (AOR=3.56, 95% CI=1.52 to 8.32). Similarly, the odds of being serum zinc deficient were three times more in undernourished study participants than nourished study participants (AOR=2.61, 95% CI=1.02 to 6.67). Conclusion: A relatively high percentage of study participants had serum zinc deficiency. Early evaluation of serum zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation along with anti-retroviral treatment should be considered for pre-ART and under nourished adult people living with HIV/AIDS.
Abstract: Background: Among several trace elements, zinc is a micronutrient that has a very significant role in maintaining immune function. Studies investigating trace elements status in people living with HIV/AIDS are few in Ethiopia. Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate the concentration of serum zinc among sex and age matched pre ART an...
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Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Fruits from the Fourth Filial Generation of Some Breeding Lines of Tomatoes
Wisdom Selorm Kofi Agbemavor,
Wellington Torgby-Tetteh,
Emmanuel Kwatei Quartey,
Joseph Nunoo,
Wonder Nunekpeku,
Mavis Owureku-Asare,
Joyce Agyei-Amponsah,
John Apatey
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
318-325
Received:
14 June 2014
Accepted:
1 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: In an effort to improve upon tomato varieties on the Ghanaian market, this study was carried out to identify genotypes with desirable qualities for further breeding work. The study was executed by crossing some varieties of Solanum lycopersicon; cherry red, cherry yellow, roma and wosowoso with a wild tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium. The progenies were cultivated for four generations to obtain these lines. Fruits harvested from these lines of F4 were analysed for the following physico-chemical properties; dry matter, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids and vitamin C. The total soluble solids and total titratable acidity were used to deduce flavour and sweetness indices for the fruits. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed among and within the various breeding lines. The dry matter, pH and total soluble solids of the fruits ranged from 5.21-8.43%, 4.08-4.59 and 4.00-7.80% respectively. Total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, flavour and sweetness indices also ranged from 0.35-0.88%, 16.84-46.09 mg/100g, 0.07-0.16 and 5.33-13.64 respectively. In all wosowoso breeding lines were the most promising of all the breeding lines. Most of the progenies obtained had characteristics significantly (p<0.05) different from each other and then from those of their respective parents (controls). This shows that the various lines were still in the process of segregating and had not yet attained the status of pure lines.
Abstract: In an effort to improve upon tomato varieties on the Ghanaian market, this study was carried out to identify genotypes with desirable qualities for further breeding work. The study was executed by crossing some varieties of Solanum lycopersicon; cherry red, cherry yellow, roma and wosowoso with a wild tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium. The progenies...
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Gamma Irradiation Prolongs the Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax L.) Storage and Delays the Lipids Membrane Degradation
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
326-332
Received:
9 July 2014
Accepted:
26 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) fish were gamma irradiated at doses 0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 kGy and stored at 1°C for 21 days in the dark to assess whether the delay of fish alteration by irradiation involved the protection of membrane lipids. Total basic volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) and the trimethylamine (TMA) contents, the pH, and the lipid composition of membrane were determined in the muscle tissue during storage. The TVB-N and TMA contents and the pH of irradiated and non-irradiated samples increased during storage whereas the external quality decreased in correlation with a reduction in the amount of phospholipids (PL). The degree of unsaturation of PL and of free fatty acids (FFA) fractions decreased, whereas, the ratio of sterol to PL increased. The catabolism of PL was delayed by irradiation during storage as compared to the untreated sample and it was always positively correlated with the total viable counts (TVC) of fish muscle which was also reduced by the treatments. We conclude that the delay of alteration of sea bass tissue during storage by irradiation involved probably a protection of membrane lipids from degradation which seemed to be partially reliable to the micro-organisms load of muscle tissue.
Abstract: Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) fish were gamma irradiated at doses 0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 kGy and stored at 1°C for 21 days in the dark to assess whether the delay of fish alteration by irradiation involved the protection of membrane lipids. Total basic volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) and the trimethylamine (TMA) contents, the pH, and the li...
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The Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient Composition of African Breadfruit (Treculia Africana)
Obiakor- Okeke P. N.,
Nnadi Chimdinma C.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
333-339
Received:
17 July 2014
Accepted:
29 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the effect of different processing methods on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of African Breadfruit (Treculia africana). Methodology: African breadfruit (Treculia africana) was processed by cooking and roasting. Nutrient, antinutrient and sensory evaluation of both the raw, cooked and roasted samples was estimated using the standard assay methods. The samples were analysed with descriptive statistics using SPSS version 14 to determine the percentages (%), mean, standard deviation (SD) and Least square deviation (LSD). Result: The results showed that protein content ranged from 3.45% to 23.52%, fat ranged from 1.95 – 13.90%, carbohydrate (CHO) ranged from 58.70% to 80.65%, ash ranged from 0.35% to 10.90% and fiber ranged from 0.32% to 8.26% and The antinutrients; phytate and tannin were absent in roasted and cooked samples but present in the raw samples. The minerals Iron ranged from 1.10-2.05mg/l00g, Zinc ranged from 3.15 – 10.00mg/l00g, Phosphorus ranged from 13.25- 42.00mg/l00g and Potassium ranged from 6.90- 21.70mg/l00g. The sensory evaluation showed that breadfruit food products were acceptable in terms of colour flavour, texture and general acceptability. Colour most acceptable in sample A (roasted breadfruit) and least acceptable in sample B1/B2 (the cooked breadfruit and the water sieved from it). Flavour was most acceptable in sample A, texture shows that sample C was most acceptable by the panelist while sample B1/B2 was least acceptable. General acceptability shows that sample C was most generally acceptable by the panelists while sample B1/B2 was the least acceptable. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the colour, flavour, texture and general acceptability of the samples. Conclusion: The study showed that preparation of breadfruit dishes by roasting and cooking improved its nutrient composition, eliminated the two antinutrients tannins and phytates analysed in this study and hence the nutrients in breadfruit is better accessed when processed by cooking or roasting and gave acceptable products.
Abstract: Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the effect of different processing methods on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of African Breadfruit (Treculia africana). Methodology: African breadfruit (Treculia africana) was processed by cooking and roasting. Nutrient, antinutrient and sensory evaluation of both the raw, cooked and roasted sampl...
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Effect of Gamma Irradiation, Packaging and Storage on the Microbiological Quality of Garden Eggs
Abraham Adu-Gyamfi,
Nkansah Minnoh Riverson,
Nusrut Afful,
Victoria Appiah
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
340-346
Received:
22 July 2014
Accepted:
30 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: Garden eggs are important economic vegetable crops grown in most tropical countries. The effect of gamma irradiation (1 – 3 kGy), packaging (polyethylene) and storage (5 weeks at 29±1ºC) on the microbiological quality of three varieties of garden eggs (Solanum aethiopicum GH 8772 and Solanum aethiopicum GH 8773, and Solanum torvum) were studied. The population of aerobic mesophiles and yeasts and moulds were assessed by the method of serial dilution and pour plating. Irradiation dose of 3 kGy, significantly improved microbiological quality by reducing the population of aerobic mesophiles and yeasts and moulds in all varieties of the garden eggs. Storing for ≤ 3 weeks negatively affected the microbiological quality of the 2 varieties of Solanum aethiopicum. Solanum torvum was however very susceptible to spoilage at > 1 week. The use of polyethylene packaging did not improve the microbiological quality of the garden egg varieties during storage at ambient temperatures of 29±1oC.
Abstract: Garden eggs are important economic vegetable crops grown in most tropical countries. The effect of gamma irradiation (1 – 3 kGy), packaging (polyethylene) and storage (5 weeks at 29±1ºC) on the microbiological quality of three varieties of garden eggs (Solanum aethiopicum GH 8772 and Solanum aethiopicum GH 8773, and Solanum torvum) were studied. Th...
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Physicochemical Properties of Flour and Extraction of Starch from Jackfruit Seed
Fateatun Noor,
Md. Jiaur Rahman,
Md. Sultan Mahomud,
Mst. Sorifa Akter,
Md. Aminul Islam Talukder,
Maruf Ahmed
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
347-354
Received:
5 April 2014
Accepted:
17 July 2014
Published:
20 August 2014
Abstract: The chemical, physico-chemical and functional properties of flour and starch from three varieties of jackfruit seed were analyzed in this study. Starch was isolated using distilled water, alkaline and α-amylase enzyme. All varieties of jackfruit seed flour had moisture content 6.28-9.16%, protein 9.19-11.34%, fat 1.18-1.40%, ash 1.53-2.66%, amylose 26.49%-30.21% and starch contents 81.05%-82.52%. Gala variety had highest amount of water soluble index, swelling water capacity and water absorption index than Khaja and Durasha varieties. On the other hand, isolated starch varied 8.39 to 12.20% moisture, 1.09 to 3.67% protein, 1.18 to 1.40% fat, 0.03 to 0.59% ash content. Starch isolated with distilled water had higher protein content, yield, amylose and total starch than starch isolated with alkaline and enzyme. However, purity was depended on the variety and extraction conditions. Enzymatic method gave highest amount of water absorption index and water soluble index as compared to distilled water and alkaline method. Results from this study suggest that jackfruit seed flour can be used as partial replacement of wheat flour and good source of starch.
Abstract: The chemical, physico-chemical and functional properties of flour and starch from three varieties of jackfruit seed were analyzed in this study. Starch was isolated using distilled water, alkaline and α-amylase enzyme. All varieties of jackfruit seed flour had moisture content 6.28-9.16%, protein 9.19-11.34%, fat 1.18-1.40%, ash 1.53-2.66%, amylose...
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Hypolipidaemic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera Lam. in Experimentally induced Hypercholesterolemic Wistar Rats
Denen Atsukwei,
Ejike Daniel Eze,
Moses Dele Adams,
Seriki Samuel Adinoyi,
Chiamaka Nnenna Ukpabi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
355-360
Received:
16 July 2014
Accepted:
9 August 2014
Published:
20 August 2014
Abstract: The hypolipidaemic effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rats was investigated. Thirty six (36) wistar rats of both sexes weighing 130.53±4.86 were used for the study. The animals were completely randomized into six groups (A-F) comprising 6 animals each. Groups A, B and C comprise female rats administered 1 ml of distilled water, high dose of 600 mg/kg and low dose of 300 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively. Groups D, E and F comprise male rats administered 1 ml of distilled water, high dose of 600 mg/kg and low dose of 300 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding the animals with high fat diet for 21 days before administration of the extract. After the 21 days of feeding, administration of extract lasted for 14 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanol leaf extract of M. oleifera contains alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates and cardiac glycosides. Only the high dose female group (600 mg/kg body weight) lost or maintained their body weight significantly (p<0.05), the rest did not. Body weight was not significantly (p>0.05) altered in the male group administered low dose and high dose, showing that the dose of the extract slightly affected their weight. For serum lipids, serum total cholesterol concentration in both male and female reduced significantly (p<0.05), both in those given low and high doses of the extract. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) level significantly (p<0.05) increased both in male and female rats that were administered high dose of 600 mg/kg body weight of the extract, but was not significantly (p>0.05) affected in other groups. Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) level also reduced significantly (p<0.05) in both male and female rats that were administered high dose of the extract, but was not significantly (p>0.05) altered for those that received low doses (300 mg/kg body weight) of the extract. There was no significant (p>0.05) reduction in the LDLC of the male rats. Serum triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration in male and female rats reduced significantly (p<0.05), in those that received low and high doses of the extract. Overall, findings from the present study suggest that the ethanol leaf extract of M. oleifera has hypolipidaemic effect. Therefore, the leafy vegetable may be recommended to patients that have problems with high serum lipid profiles and also for people that want to lose or maintain body weight.
Abstract: The hypolipidaemic effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rats was investigated. Thirty six (36) wistar rats of both sexes weighing 130.53±4.86 were used for the study. The animals were completely randomized into six groups (A-F) comprising 6 animals each. Groups A, B and C comprise female ...
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