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Evaluation of Tannin, Phytate and Mineral Composition of Different Indigenous Dishes Based on Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo)
Obiakor-Okeke Philomena Ngozi,
Oly-Alawuba Nkiru
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
493-496
Received:
4 September 2014
Accepted:
11 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Introduction: The study evaluated the tannin, phytate and composition of different indigenous dishes based on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). Methodology: The samples used in the study include raw seeds, uncooked pulp, leaves, roasted seeds and cooked pulp were prepared for analysis and also different native meals were prepared using leaves for soup, pulp for pottage yam and seeds for snacks. The tannin, phytate and mineral analysis were determined following standard methods. The mean and standard deviation of triplicate samples were determined. Result: The results of the analysis showed that the raw seed sample have about 0.26% tannin and 0.17% in roasted seeds. The leaves have (0.06%) of tannin which is lower compared to (0.75% and 0.12%) in uncooked pulp and cooked pulp respectively. Phytate is found (0.37%) in raw seeds, it is higher compared to (0.07%) in leaves. Roasted seeds have (0.08%) and (0.16%) in uncooked pulp. No phytate was dictated in cooked pulp. The mineral analysis revealed that phosphorus is more found in the leaves with (0.36%) compared with the amount in uncooked and cooked pulp (0.21% and 0.18%). Zinc is found more in leaves also with (5.81%) and raw seeds (4.55%), while the amount of zinc in uncooked pulp (3.73%) and roasted seed (3.16%) are in close range. The cooked pulp has the lowest value (2.60%). The leaves have higher copper content (3.67%). The raw seeds (2.41%) and uncooked seeds have close related values (0.76% and 1.41%) respectively. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that pumpkin contained antinutrients and it is also a good source of minerals. However, different processing methods reduced antinutrient content in the different edible parts and increased the different mineral composition. We therefore, recommend proper processing before consumption of any of the parts so that the absorption and utilization of the minerals will be maximized.
Abstract: Introduction: The study evaluated the tannin, phytate and composition of different indigenous dishes based on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). Methodology: The samples used in the study include raw seeds, uncooked pulp, leaves, roasted seeds and cooked pulp were prepared for analysis and also different native meals were prepared using leaves for soup, pul...
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Exclusive Breastfeeding and Maternal Employment in Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross- Sectional Study
Mekuanint Taddele,
Lakew Abebe,
Netsanet Fentahun
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
497-503
Received:
4 October 2014
Accepted:
16 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Back-ground: Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding is the single most cost-effective intervention to reduce infant mortality in developing countries. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months has greater benefit than formula feeding for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding among infants less than 6 months is 49%, with limited information on associated factors of exclusive breast feeding. Understanding the associated factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding is crucial to promote the practice in Ethiopia. Objective: To compare exclusive breastfeeding and its associated factors among employed and unemployed mothers in Injibara Town, Awi Zone, North west Ethiopia. Method: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from March 24-April 14, 2013. A total of 524 mothers of children age ≤1 year were included in the study. A structured, pretested and self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were performed to compare exclusive breastfeeding among employed and unemployed mothers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding. Results: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 44% and 65% among employed and unemployed mothers respectively. Employed mothers were 32% times less likely to breast feed exclusively than the unemployed mothers (OR= 0.32). Place of birth (OR=4.4), belief of breast milk sufficiency (OR= 3.6), religious fathers support of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.7) and maternal age of 18-23(OR=9.4) were independently predictors of exclusive breastfeeding among employed mothers. Whereas, husbands’ support of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=1.9), knowledge on duration of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.8), timely initiation of breastfeeding (OR=2.9), Awareness of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.2) and delivery attendance (OR=2.2) were independently predictors of exclusive breastfeeding among unemployed mothers. Conclusions: A large proportion of infants are not exclusively breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding status of unemployed mothers was significantly better than that of employed mothers. Therefore, the government should promote exclusive breastfeeding by creating breastfeeding friendly working environment.
Abstract: Back-ground: Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding is the single most cost-effective intervention to reduce infant mortality in developing countries. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months has greater benefit than formula feeding for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of exclusive breast feed...
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Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Selected Government and Private Secondary Schools of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Yoseph Gebreyohannes,
Solomon Shiferaw,
Balem Demtsu,
Gessessew Bugssa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
504-514
Received:
4 October 2014
Accepted:
14 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Background: Changes in the nutritional intake combined with increasingly sedentary life styles and increasing urbanization has led to the emergence of chronic disease as a major new health threat. Objective: To assess and compare nutritional status of adolescents and analyze the risk factors associated to/with overweight/obesity in government and private secondary schools of Addis Ababa, 2012. Methods: A comparative cross sectional study comprising 1024 adolescents of government and private secondary schools of Addis Ababa was conducted from February 02, 2012 to June 28, 2012. Information on socio-demographic data, eating habits and physical activity was collected using interviews. Measurements on weight and height were made using standardized weighing scales and measuring boards, respectively. Height-for-age and body mass index-for-age were compared to the 2007 WHO growth reference. Data were entered using Epi info version 3.5.1, WHO AnthroPlus and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Overall, the prevalence of stunting (low height-for-age), underweight (low body mass index-for-age) and overweight/obese (high body mass index-for-age) in all school adolescents was 7.2% (95% CI; 5.8, 9.0), 6.2% (95% CI; 4.9, 8.0) and 8.5% (95% CI; 6.9, 10.4), respectively. Adolescents in government schools were significantly more likely to be undernourished [stunting; 51(10.0%) versus 23(4.5%) and underweight; 36(7.0%) versus 28(5.5%)] compared to their counterparts in private schools (P-value <0.05). Adolescents in private schools were overweight/obese compared to those in government schools [65(12.7%) versus 22(4.3%); OR=3.2 (95% CI; 1.9, 5.3)]. Conclusions and recommendations: The findings of this investigation showed that being in a private school, lacking daily breakfast and consumption of animal products more than once a day are significantly associated with overweight/Obese during adolescence. Results of this study emphasize the need for educational interventions at early ages involving the whole family to promote optimal nutritional status.
Abstract: Background: Changes in the nutritional intake combined with increasingly sedentary life styles and increasing urbanization has led to the emergence of chronic disease as a major new health threat. Objective: To assess and compare nutritional status of adolescents and analyze the risk factors associated to/with overweight/obesity in government and p...
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Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Merck Vitality Quotient: A Short Self-Questionnaire Dedicated to « Fatigue » Evaluation in Healthy Subject
Allaert Francois-Andre,
Courau Stephanie,
Forestier Anne
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
515-518
Received:
2 September 2014
Accepted:
30 September 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Objective: validation of the psychometric properties of the Merck "vitality quotient" questionnaire (VQ) i.e. the measures of its internal consistency, external validation and sensitivity to change. Methods: Prospective observational survey conducted on patients consulting for fatigue and taking Bion3® during winter period. The VQ includes 10 questions describing subjects’ activities and mood, rated from “1: very often” to “10: never”. Its comprehensibility and test-retest reliability has been evaluated in one other study. Each patient was asked to fulfil the VQ and the Pichot scale which is a reference scale for fatigue evaluation at inclusion and every month during three months. Internal consistency of the VQ was measured with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, external validation by its correlation coefficient with Pichot scale and its sensitivity to change by the paired T test of its average variations during the study period. Results: 132 subjects 48.2 ± 13.5 years old (63.6% women) were followed. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient has a very high level of 0.93 and therefore indicates a very good internal consistency. The study of the VQ correlation with the fatigue scale of Pichot at baseline shows a high Pearson coefficient of r = -0.67 (p <0.0001) and the study of the correlation of their changes during the three months is of r = -0.75 (p <0.0001). The VQ is also sensitive to change. After one month the VQ increases from 47.3 ± 18.5 to 60.4 ± 20.5 and then to 73.5 ± 18.0 after 2 months and to 80.9 ± 18.1 after 3 months which is highly significant (p<0,0001) and corresponds to improvements of respectively +27.7%, +55.4% and +71.0% of the initial vitality of the subjects taking Bion3®. Conclusion: This study validates psychometrics properties (reliability, external validity and sensitivity to change) of the Merck « vitality quotient » which appears therefore as an effective tool to evaluate food supplements effects in subjects complaining of fatigue, tiredness, exhaustion and expressing a loss of vitality.
Abstract: Objective: validation of the psychometric properties of the Merck "vitality quotient" questionnaire (VQ) i.e. the measures of its internal consistency, external validation and sensitivity to change. Methods: Prospective observational survey conducted on patients consulting for fatigue and taking Bion3® during winter period. The VQ includes 10 quest...
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Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Infectious Diarrhea in Egyptian Children
Yossuef Nadra Sayed,
Abou Zekri Maha El- Sayed,
Salem Amany Abd El-Fattah
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
519-525
Received:
2 October 2014
Accepted:
17 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Infectious diarrhea is a common health problem among Egyptian infants and young children. It leads to high indicate of morbidly and mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status of the children, affected with diarrhea, on their diseases. Two hundred and ninety children suffering from diarrhea attending the outpatient clinic of Cairo University Children Hospital (Abul-Reech) during the summer time from May to August 2013 were enrolled in the study. A designed questionnaire sheet including some social parameters e.g. parents’ education, number of family members, feeding of the children were used. Nutritional status of patients enrolled were assessed by measuring their anthropometric measurements and compared to Growth Charts [1]. The results indicated that the majority of mothers were illiterate. Most of children enrolled were aged 7 – 24 months, so they were receiving weaning foods with breastfeeding. The results also revealed that most of children had 6-10 motions/day and their stool were watery or watery with mucous. The majority of children had BMI normal percentiles. The results showed that a negative correlation between mother’s education and both number of family and diarrhea duration (p≤0.05). Also, there were a positive correlation between water sources and child’s homeland (p≤0.01). A negative correlation was found between water sources and fever (p≤0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggested that mother’s education, number of family members, sanitary water supply are crucial factories in affection of our children with infectious diarrhea diseases. Recommendation: The previous findings have important implications on policy for health intervention, and support the view that investing in female education may have substantial benefits on the child health. Also, reducing diarrhea dangers involves providing better water sources and sanitation for the entire population and hygiene of the person caring of the child.
Abstract: Infectious diarrhea is a common health problem among Egyptian infants and young children. It leads to high indicate of morbidly and mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status of the children, affected with diarrhea, on their diseases. Two hundred and ninety children suffering from diarrhea attending the outpat...
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Vitamin D, Optimal Health and Athletic Performance: A Review Study
Sridip Chatterjee,
Samiran Mondal,
Aloke Sen Borman,
Aparup Konar
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
526-533
Received:
9 October 2014
Accepted:
27 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Background: Vitamin D, also known as calciferol, is a secosteroid hormone and an essential nutrient responsible for multiple biological functions in the human body. Functionally it is different from all other fat soluble vitamins. The body can synthesis it with the help of sunlight. Objective of the Study: The specific objective of this review article is to explore the emergence of vitamin D as an important nutrient for the maintenances of optimal health and athletic performance. Acquisition of Evidence: Evidences were gathered through Pubmed searching. Studies directly matched and fulfill the primary objective of this article were considered, reviewed properly and presented systematically. Findings: Commonly Vitamin D is well recognized for its active role in calcium and phosphorous homeostasis in the human body. In recent era scientists have identified that almost every cell in the body express the vitamin D receptor, physiologically play a significant role in achieving optimal health and better athletic performance. Active from of Vitamin D plays an important role for the prevention of many chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, arthritis etc. Conclusion: Vitamin D is a potent nutrient and working as a regulator of several physiological functions in the human body. Some of these functions are well recognized but many are yet to be researched to understand the complete mechanism of action as it plays in the human body.
Abstract: Background: Vitamin D, also known as calciferol, is a secosteroid hormone and an essential nutrient responsible for multiple biological functions in the human body. Functionally it is different from all other fat soluble vitamins. The body can synthesis it with the help of sunlight. Objective of the Study: The specific objective of this review arti...
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Ackee (Blighia sapida) Fruit Arils: Nutritional, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties
Veronica M. Dossou,
Jacob K. Agbenorhevi,
Sussana Combey,
Sarah Afi-Koryoe
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
534-537
Received:
27 October 2014
Accepted:
4 November 2014
Published:
10 November 2014
Abstract: The limited information on the health and nutritional benefits of edible arils of the ackee (Blighia sapida) tree makes it underutilized in West Africa. This study was to investigate the nutrient content, total phenols, antioxidant activity and phytochemical constituents of freeze and oven dried ackee arils. Phytochemical analysis was done using standard protocol whereas antioxidant activity and total phenol content was determined using the DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteau methods, respectively. The minerals content was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The moisture, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrate and energy content were in the range of 4.83-5.20%, 51.60-56.66%, 10.94-11.67%, 3.63-3.88%, 8.01-8.56%, 14.41-20.62% and 590.67-614.26 kcal/100g, respectively. The ackee arils also contained appreciable minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and Zn) with K (425.10-475.71 mg/100g) being the highest while Zn (1.95-2.08 mg/100g) was the least mineral. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins and glycosides in the arils. The total phenolic content was 5235.04±103.9 and 5175.38±178.46 mg GAE/100g in oven-dried and freeze-dried samples, respectively. The vitamin C content was 29.6 and 35.7 mg/100 g whereas antioxidant activity was 66.0 and 29.4 % DPPH inhibition (with trolox equivalence of 91.0±9.4 and 40.6±0.6 µM TE/g) in the oven and freeze dried ackee arils, respectively. Drying method had effect on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the ackee flour sample. The findings suggest that ackee aril had considerable total phenols content and antioxidant activity, which implies that the fruit aril has the potential for application in food systems to maintain food quality.
Abstract: The limited information on the health and nutritional benefits of edible arils of the ackee (Blighia sapida) tree makes it underutilized in West Africa. This study was to investigate the nutrient content, total phenols, antioxidant activity and phytochemical constituents of freeze and oven dried ackee arils. Phytochemical analysis was done using st...
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Nutritional Study of Some Food Coloring Agents on Experimental Rats
Wagih Ahmad El-Malky,
Ghada Mahmoud Khiralla,
Safaa Ahmad Salem
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
538-544
Received:
23 September 2014
Accepted:
20 October 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: This study was designed to recognize the biochemical and histological alterations in the liver and kidney of male rats due to daily oral intake (for 8 weeks) of beet and curcumin extracts as natural red and yellow color, edicol erythrosine and sunset yellow as recommended synthetic colors and two unknown commercial coloring agents (red and yellow). The effect of admissible daily intake (ADI) and overdose (5 times) of the synthetic recommended and commercial colors was also investigated. Compared with the control group, the GBW % of rats indicated significant (p<0.05) increase in all studied groups except that given the natural beet extract and that given ADI of edicol erythrosine. No significant differences were detected in the relative kidney weights between groups. Rats that administrated overdose of the studied synthetic colors showed significant increase in the lipid profile of blood including total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL). The obtained histopathological changes in liver and kidney of rats administrated overdose of colorants were associated with elevation of urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which were strictly related to the injury of kidney and liver functions. The present study demonstrated that beet extract could be used as alternative natural red colorant, whereas curcumin extract need additional long-term studies because of the elevation in urea and AST levels in addition to massive aggregative of inflammatory cells infiltration in the portal area of liver of rats administrated the 7.87 mg curcumin /Kg BW. Also, the present study sheds light on the nutritional hazards in the liver and kidney due to the uncontrolled use of synthetic color.
Abstract: This study was designed to recognize the biochemical and histological alterations in the liver and kidney of male rats due to daily oral intake (for 8 weeks) of beet and curcumin extracts as natural red and yellow color, edicol erythrosine and sunset yellow as recommended synthetic colors and two unknown commercial coloring agents (red and yellow)....
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Production and Quality Assessment of Functional Yoghurt Enriched with Coconut
Joel Ndife,
Felicia Idoko,
Rabiu Garba
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
545-550
Received:
11 October 2014
Accepted:
27 October 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: The potential of producing acceptable symbiotic yoghurt enriched with coconut-cake was investigated. Yoghurt samples A (Control), B, C and D were produced at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of milk substitutions with coconut-cake. The physico-chemical, microbial and sensory analyses were determined to ascertain the quality attributes of the products. The results of physico-chemical analysis obtained showed increase in values for pH (4.32-4.45), specific gravity (1.03-1.14), soluble solids (7.10-10.47%) and sweetness index (10.60-20.13).There were also remarkable increase in the proximate values for moisture (80.10-85.23%), fat (1.50-3.13%), fibre (0.2-2.18%) and ash(0.53-1.01%). A reverse trend was observed for acidity, total solids, protein and carbohydrate values in enriched yoghurts. The microbial analysis showed no presence of coliform bacteria. The total microbial count was highest in sample B (8.0x105) while sample A had the highest lactic acid bacteria count (6.4x103cfu/ml). The sensory evaluation result showed significant differences (0.05
Abstract: The potential of producing acceptable symbiotic yoghurt enriched with coconut-cake was investigated. Yoghurt samples A (Control), B, C and D were produced at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of milk substitutions with coconut-cake. The physico-chemical, microbial and sensory analyses were determined to ascertain the quality attributes of the products. The res...
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Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Chemical, Functional and Microbial Properties of Mucuna sloanei Seeds (Ukpo)
Obiakor-Okeke Philomena Ngozi,
Chikwendu Justina Ndirika,
Anozie Tochukwu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
551-559
Received:
4 September 2014
Accepted:
15 September 2014
Published:
17 November 2014
Abstract: The effect of fermentation, cooking and dehulling on the chemical properties (proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional factor), functional properties (least gelation concentration, bulk density, and water and oil absorption capacity) and microbial quality (the occurrence of micro-organism) in Mucuna sloanei seeds (Ukpo) were assessed. Official methods of Analysis was employed to analyze the samples. The result showed that fermentation increased the protein content from 24.0% (Dehulled) to 35.2% (72 hours fermentation). It also increased the mineral availability, created favourable condition for the growth of yeast, reduced the level of antinutrients and also reduced the water and oil absorption capacity. Cooking increase the carbohydrate content, improve the functional properties, decrease the anti-nutritional content but molds (Aspergillus sp and Rhizopus sp) were isolated from it. Dehulling (raw) did not completely support gelation but can be regarded as a safe method of processing because it contains no microorganism. The study has assessed the different processing methods on the chemical, functional and microbial qualities of Mucuna sloanei. Fermentation was discovered to be the method that encouraged improved nutritional qualities however, other methods like dehulling are also very necessary to access the full nutritional potentials of Mucuna slonei.
Abstract: The effect of fermentation, cooking and dehulling on the chemical properties (proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional factor), functional properties (least gelation concentration, bulk density, and water and oil absorption capacity) and microbial quality (the occurrence of micro-organism) in Mucuna sloanei seeds (Ukpo) were assessed. Official metho...
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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight in Axum and Laelay Maichew Districts, North Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross Sectional Study
Negassi Teklehaimanot,
Tesfay Hailu,
Huruy Assefa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
560-566
Received:
28 October 2014
Accepted:
12 November 2014
Published:
17 November 2014
Abstract: Background: Weight at birth is a good indicator of the newborn’s chances for survival, growth, long-term health and psychosocial development. Low birth weight babies are significantly at risk of death, contributing to the high perinatal morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aimed of this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of Low Birth Weight in Axum and Laelay Maichew districts, Tigray, north Ethiopia. Method: An institution based comparative cross-sectional study using consecutive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 520 live birth neonates from both urban and rural districts. Data was collected from mothers’ using a structured interview questionnaire. The data were entered in to Epi-Info and analyzed on SPSS. Means and standard deviations of birth weight were calculated using the t-test. The chi-square (X2) test was computed to compare proportions of low birth weight with 95% Confidence Interval. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors. Result: The prevalence of low birth weight was 9.9% and 6.3% in Axum and Laelay Maichew districts, respectively. In Axum district (Urban): low birth weight was associated with inadequate ANC service utilization [AOR=0.29, 95% CI:(0.12, 0.73)] and unwanted pregnancy [AOR=4.04, 95% CI:(1.17, 13.90)]. Sex of the neonate [AOR=6.08, 95% CI:(1.60, 23.07)] and pregnancy type [AOR=7.34, 95% CI:(2.050, 26.292)] were also significantly associated with low birth weight in Laelay Maichew district (rural). Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of low birth weight was 9.9% and 6.3% in Axum and Laelay Maichew districts, respectively. The burden of low birth weight deliveries in these areas are associated with inadequate ANC service utilization, unwanted pregnancy and female sex of the neonate which deserve goal oriented prenatal care and choice based family planning service provision by the respective health facilities.
Abstract: Background: Weight at birth is a good indicator of the newborn’s chances for survival, growth, long-term health and psychosocial development. Low birth weight babies are significantly at risk of death, contributing to the high perinatal morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aimed of this study is to assess the prevalence and associate...
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The Functional Properties of Starches, Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties of Salad Cream from Cassava and Potatoes
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
567-571
Received:
14 October 2014
Accepted:
3 November 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: The Physicochemical, sensory properties and viscosity of salad cream stabilizes with cassava and potato starches were investigated, with commercial salad cream used as control. Cassava and potato starches were processed using standard methods. The functional properties of cassava and potato starches showed that dispersibility were 84-86%, swelling power were 6.20-8.19% and solubility were 13-14% with no significant difference (p>0.05) between the starches. Although water and oil absorption capacities were 19.7-27.7% and 9.20-11.30% respectively. Water and oil absorption capacities showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the starches. Chemical analysis results showed that moisture content were 57.84-64.88%, dry matter were 42.16-54.69%, starch content were 6.40-14.41% and total available carbohydrate (TAC) ranged from 7.11-17.32% respectively with potato starch based salad cream having the least and the control(commercial salad cream) having the highest. pH, total solids, protein and fats were 3.14-3.50, 35.12-42.16%, 0.23-0.35% and 25.17-28.15% respectively with the control having the lowest value and potato based salad cream having the highest. Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) had potato based salad cream as the lowest (0.02) and cassava based salad cream as the highest (0.89), while ash had (1.62%) as the lowest for cassava starch based salad cream and (1.83%) as the highest for the control. Moisture, dry matter, total solid, starch, fat and total available carbohydrate showed a significant difference (p<0.05) amongst the samples while total acidity, pH, protein and ash showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Sensory analysis result showed that color were 3.36-4.24, taste were 2.54-3.88 and spreadability were 3.52-4.36 with the three parameters showing a significant difference (p<0.05) amongst the samples, while odour, texture and general acceptability showed no significant difference (p>0.05) and were 3.44-3.76, 3.56-3.96 and 3.80- 3.88 respectively. The viscosity result of the salad cream samples showed that potato based salad cream had the highest viscosity at varying speeds of 6, 12, 30 and 60rpm followed by the control and cassava based salad cream. All salad cream samples exhibited a non Newtonian behaviour.
Abstract: The Physicochemical, sensory properties and viscosity of salad cream stabilizes with cassava and potato starches were investigated, with commercial salad cream used as control. Cassava and potato starches were processed using standard methods. The functional properties of cassava and potato starches showed that dispersibility were 84-86%, swelling ...
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Chemical, Phytochemical and Functional Properties of Selected Seeds’ Flours
Olorode Omobolanle O.,
Idowu Michael A.,
Bamgbose Adefunke,
Ayano Adeola E.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
572-578
Received:
5 November 2014
Accepted:
19 November 2014
Published:
24 November 2014
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate qualities of benoil (Moringa oleifera), melon, water melon (Citrullus lanatus L.), pear and pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds’ flours with a view of harnessing them for consumption and possible industrial usage. All the seeds were manually separated from fruit pulps / pod, cleaned, washed with distilled water, air dried, shelled manually, sun dried and then grinded to flours. Chemical contents and functional properties of the resulting seed’s flours were determined using standard methods. The results of the proximate and mineral composition indicated that all the seeds’ flours contained considerable amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, crude fibre, Ca, Na, Fe and P which made them potentials food supplements/food processing especially benoil (Moringa oleifera) and pawpaw seeds’ flours. The result shows that watermelon seed flour ranked the highest in terms of all the phytochemical contents determined except its saponin content which was low. Melon seed’s flour was low in saponin and tannin contents while its flavonoids and alkaloids contents were high. Saponin content of benoil seed’s flours was also high compare to other seeds’ flours tested. The tannin and flavonoid contents of benoil seed flour were low while the alkaloids content shows to be low in melon seed flour. However, the cyanide content of all the seeds’ flours examined were low generally which shows the seeds’ flours are expected to be save for consumption. There were significant (p > 0.05) differences between the samples for all the phytochemical content determined. The seeds’ containing all these phytochemicals show that they are highly medicinal and is good for human consumption especially watermelon and benoil (Moringa oleifera) seeds’ flours. Also, the investigation showed that all the flours are characterized with good functional properties which mean they could be incorporated into food or use for industrial purpose most especially in infant food formulation. These qualities are indications that great potential exist for these seeds instead of throwing them away as waste after consuming the fruit pulp.
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate qualities of benoil (Moringa oleifera), melon, water melon (Citrullus lanatus L.), pear and pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds’ flours with a view of harnessing them for consumption and possible industrial usage. All the seeds were manually separated from fruit pulps / pod, cleaned, washed with distilled water, air...
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Percent Body Fat versus Body Mass Index among Ghanaian Adults in Different Districts
Helena Nti,
Matilda Steiner-Asiedu,
Alex Kojo Anderson
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
586-591
Received:
21 November 2014
Accepted:
12 December 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: Background: The debate regarding use of WHO body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for the assessment of nutritional status continues in the scientific community. That is, BMI may not be a true reflection of body composition. Researchers have investigated BMI and percent body fat (%BF) as risk factors for some chronic diseases. Objectives: The current study sought to evaluate the use of BMI to assess %BF and their relationship with high blood pressure (HBP) among Ghanaian adults. Methods: A total of 512 men and women were enrolled in a cross-sectional study, conducted in urban (Accra Metropolitan District [AMD; 276]) and peri-urban (Upper Manya Krobo District [UMKD; 236]) Ghana. BMI and %BF were determined and proportions of underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obese participants were compared. Relationship between BMI, %BF and HBP was investigated. Results and discussion: Mean BMI was greater for participants in the AMD than UMKD (25.69±4.85 and 24.51±4.89; p=0.007). %BF was also greater for men (p=0.001) and women (p=0.012) in the AMD than UMKD, respectively. Participants in the AMD (underweight-7%, normal weight-48%, overweight-24%, obese-21%) and UMKD (underweight-14%, normal weight-55%, overweight-17%, obese-15%) had different %BF (p=0.009) but not BMI (p=0.090). A significantly higher number of participants in the AMD had HBP (26%) than UMKD (19%) (p=0.038). Overweight/obese participants had significantly higher blood pressure compared to underweight/normal weight participants, in both AMD (by BMI; p=0.002 and by %BF; p<0.0001) and UMKD (by BMI and %BF; p<0.0001). BMI correlated moderately and significantly with %BF in both urban AMD (r=0.578; p<0.0001) and peri-urban UMKD (r=0.693; p<0.0001). Conclusion: BMI seems to be a good indicator for the assessment of adiposity among Ghanaian adults and may be used to assess adiposity in the absence of %BF.
Abstract: Background: The debate regarding use of WHO body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for the assessment of nutritional status continues in the scientific community. That is, BMI may not be a true reflection of body composition. Researchers have investigated BMI and percent body fat (%BF) as risk factors for some chronic diseases. Objectives: The current stud...
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A Review on: Antioxidant and Its Impact during the Bread Making Process
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
592-596
Received:
6 December 2014
Accepted:
14 December 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: Antioxidant compounds in food play an important role as a health protecting factor. Major sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are fruits, vegetables and whole grains. This review is focused on the classification, characteristics and mechanism of antioxidant and methodology were reported. Bread and bakery products have an important role in human nutrition. This review is focused also on Changes in antioxidant activity during the bread making process (mixing or dough, fermentation, and baking) and also antioxidant properties in the sourdough. The effects of heat on the antioxidant activity during bread making were reported. The addition of phenols-rich materials with wheat bread is an effective technique to improve the antioxidant potential of the final product.
Abstract: Antioxidant compounds in food play an important role as a health protecting factor. Major sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are fruits, vegetables and whole grains. This review is focused on the classification, characteristics and mechanism of antioxidant and methodology were reported. Bread and bakery products have an important role in h...
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The Effects of Nutritional Knowledge on the Dietary Practices of People Living with HIV in Kayole Division, Nairobi-Kenya
Olive Gaceri Muthamia,
Alice Mboganie Mwangi,
Samuel Kuria Mbugua
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
597-601
Received:
9 December 2014
Accepted:
29 December 2014
Published:
12 January 2015
Abstract: Introduction and background: Appropriate nutrition knowledge influences the dietary intake in all income setups. This further influences the dietary adequacy and nutrition status. Nutritional knowledge is very important to People Living with HIV (PLHIV). It must be meaningful to influence their dietary practices. This is through the adaption of optimal dietary practices. Dietary practices also influence the nutrition status, enhance drug metabolism and efficacy. Information on the influence of nutrition knowledge on dietary practices of PLHIV is scarce. Objective: Thus, this study sought to establish the association between nutrition knowledge and individual dietary practices components of HIV patients in low income settings. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among149 persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and attached to Women Fighting HIV/AIDS in Kenya (WOFAK) centre in Kayole division. The researcher administered questionnaires which had been pretested and assessed for validity and reliability in data collection on 149 PLHIV. Spearman’s rho was used to establish the relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary practices. Results: The relationship between nutrition knowledge and the number of meals consumed in a day (0.001), the frequency at which fruits (0.001), vegetables (0.003), legumes (0.003), animal products (0.001) and were-delete cereals (0.020) consumed was positive and significant (p<0.05) respectively. Nutrition knowledge influences the dietary practices of HIV patients. This is by increasing the choice and intake of foods that are nutrient dense; that boost the immunity while preventing loss of muscle and also restricting on foods that would impact their nutrition status negatively. Conclusions and recommendations: Dietary practices were more optimal as the nutrition knowledge increased. Appropriate nutrition information should be communicated to PLHIV at the point of contact with care centres. PLHIV in low income settings should be guided in the choice of nutritious affordable foods within their economic capacity. Follow up should be provided to ensure that nutritional knowledge impacted on PLHIV is translated to dietary practices for better health outcome.
Abstract: Introduction and background: Appropriate nutrition knowledge influences the dietary intake in all income setups. This further influences the dietary adequacy and nutrition status. Nutritional knowledge is very important to People Living with HIV (PLHIV). It must be meaningful to influence their dietary practices. This is through the adaption of opt...
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Nutritional and Microbial Quality of Dried Larva of Cirina forda
Bibiana Dooshima Igbabul,
Chia Agude,
Comfort Ufot Inyang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
602-606
Received:
26 December 2014
Accepted:
8 January 2015
Published:
20 January 2015
Abstract: The quality of dried larva of pallid emperor moth (Cirina forda) sold in various markets of Makurdi metropolis in Nigeria was evaluated. The proximate composition, amino acid profile, mineral contents as well as microbial quality of dried larva of Cirina forda were determined using standard methods. The results of proximate composition on dry basis showed that crude protein ranged from 54.36-56.78%; ash, 2.91-3.97%; crude fibre, 11.03-11.15% and moisture, 4.41-5.95% The mineral contents, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and Mg of the larva samples ranged from 7.67 to 14.39, 0.93 to 1.27, 0.11 to 0.37, 0.37 to 0.56, 0.13 to 0.56, 0.28 to 0.39 and 0.10 to 0.21 mgg-1 (dry matter), respectively. Results of the content of amino acids showed the essential amino acids: - isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and lysine in the ranges of 3.27 to 4.31, 6.55 to 7.57, 2.22 to 2.48, 4.47 to 5.08, 3.22 to 4.18, 3.18 to 4.18 and 5.33 to 6.24g/100g protein respectively. The total viable count of micro organisms in the samples ranged from 2.0 to 3.7x103¬ cfu/g and the mold counts were <30 cfu/g in all samples. Micro organisms identified included Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococus aureus, Proteus spp, Micrococcus spp, Mucor spp, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus spp. The nutritional content of the dried larva of Cirina forda compared favourably with those of conventional foods of animal origin and the microbial load of the dried larva within acceptable range. However, the dried larva should be subjected to further heating such as cooking to destroy the pathogens isolated which will otherwise constitute a health risk to consumers.
Abstract: The quality of dried larva of pallid emperor moth (Cirina forda) sold in various markets of Makurdi metropolis in Nigeria was evaluated. The proximate composition, amino acid profile, mineral contents as well as microbial quality of dried larva of Cirina forda were determined using standard methods. The results of proximate composition on dry basis...
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