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Comparative Studies of Oil-Modified Alkyd Resins Synthesized from Epoxidized and Crude Neem Oil
I. R. Jack,
A. U. Anya,
O. F. Osagie
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
120-124
Received:
3 April 2016
Accepted:
13 April 2016
Published:
18 June 2016
Abstract: Two different alkyd resins; epoxidized neem seed oil-modified alkyd resin (ENOMAR) and crude neem seed oil-modified alkyd resin (CNOMAR) with oil-length of 64.5% each were synthesized. A portion of neem oil was epoxidized at 50°C using per-acid generated in-situ. The (ENOMAR) and (CNOMAR) were prepared using glycolysis and poly-condensation methods. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and cobalt naphthalate in toluene were employed as the driers. The physicochemical analyses of the synthesized resins were investigated. Also, minimum drying and set to touch time was recorded at 15hrs, 9hrs and 17hrs, 10hrs for (ENOMAR) and (CMOMAR) respectively at temperature of 120°C on exposed for 120min. Both resins show good resistance in 10% HCl and distilled water. (CNOMAR) shows relatively fair resistance in 1%NaCl while (ENOMAR) has a poor resistance in the brine solution. FT-IR results shows a broad and sharp peaks at 1732cm-1, 2928cm-1 and 3465cm-1 for (ENOMAR) and two broad peaks at 1734cm-1, and 2927cm-1 for (CNOMAR). Statistical analysis from ANOVA table comparing the drying time between the two resins gave Fv =0. 327 and Fc = 5. 990. Assessments of the properties show that epoxidized neem oil modified alkyd resin (ENOMAR) has better film properties compared to crude neem oil modified alkyd resin (CNOMAR).
Abstract: Two different alkyd resins; epoxidized neem seed oil-modified alkyd resin (ENOMAR) and crude neem seed oil-modified alkyd resin (CNOMAR) with oil-length of 64.5% each were synthesized. A portion of neem oil was epoxidized at 50°C using per-acid generated in-situ. The (ENOMAR) and (CNOMAR) were prepared using glycolysis and poly-condensation methods...
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Molecular Dynamics Research on Composition B Adsorption Oxygen and Nitrogen
Guiyun Hang,
Wenli Yu,
Tao Wang,
Zhen Li
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
125-131
Received:
17 May 2016
Accepted:
25 May 2016
Published:
21 June 2016
Abstract: To research the adsorption mechanism of oxygen and nitrogen on composition B crystal surfaces and the effect on mechanical properties and sensitivity of explosive, the crystal model of composition B was established by Material Studio (MS). The adsorption process was simulated and the mechanical properties of composition B before and after adsorption, adsorption energy of different crystal surfaces, maximum trigger bond length distribution, interaction energy of trigger bond and cohesive energy density were got and compared. The results show that the (0 1 0) crystal surface has the best adsorption capacity. The mechanical properties decrease after adsorption and it is more obvious with the increasing of adsorbed gas number, which indicates that the mechanical properties of composition B become worse. The maximum trigger bond length increases, while the interaction energy of trigger bond and cohesive energy density decrease after adsorption, thus illustrating that the sensitivity of composition B increases.
Abstract: To research the adsorption mechanism of oxygen and nitrogen on composition B crystal surfaces and the effect on mechanical properties and sensitivity of explosive, the crystal model of composition B was established by Material Studio (MS). The adsorption process was simulated and the mechanical properties of composition B before and after adsorptio...
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Isotopic Abundance Ratio Analysis of 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene (TMB) After Biofield Energy Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Parthasarathi Panda,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
132-140
Received:
10 May 2016
Accepted:
25 June 2016
Published:
15 July 2016
Abstract: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene (TMB) is one of the most versatile chemical used for the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, organic compounds, etc. The stable isotope ratio analysis has increased attention day-by-days in several fields such as agricultural, food authenticity, biochemistry, medical research, etc. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance ratios of 13C/12C or 2H/1H or 17O/16O (PM+1/PM) and 18O/16O (PM+2/PM) in TMB using Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. TMB was divided into two parts - one part was denoted as control and another part was referred as biofield energy treated sample that was received through Mr. Trivediꞌs unique biofield energy (The Trivedi Effect®). The GC-MS of the biofield treated TMB was characterized at different time intervals considered as T1, T2, T3, and T4 to examine the impact of the biofield energy treatment on isotopic abundance ratio with respect to the time. The GC-MS spectra of the both control and biofield treated TMB exhibited the presence of molecular ion peak [M+] at m/z 168 (calculated 168.08 for C9H12O3) along with similar pattern of fragmentation. The relative peak intensities of the fragmented ions in the biofield treated TMB, particularly at T2 and T3 was altered from the control sample. The isotopic abundance ratio analysis in the biofield treated TMB exhibited that the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM in the biofield treated TMB at T2 and T3 was significantly enhanced by 128.13 and 117.99%, respectively with respect to the control sample. Consequently, the percentage change in isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM+1 was significantly increased in the biofield treated TMB at T2 and T3 by 125.93 and 116.67%, respectively as compared with the control TMB. The isotopic abundance ratios (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) in the biofield treated TMB at T1 and T4 was altered with respect to the control TMB. In summary, 13C, 2H, and 17O contributions from (C9H12O3)+ to m/z 169 and 18O contribution from (C9H12O3)+ to m/z 170 for the biofield treated TMB, particularly at T2 and T3 were significantly improved and biofield treated TMB might exhibit changed isotope effects as compared to the control sample. The biofield treated TMB might assist to develop new chemicals and pharmaceuticals through using its kinetic isotope effects like understanding the reaction mechanism, the enzymatic transition state and all aspects of enzyme mechanisms.
Abstract: 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene (TMB) is one of the most versatile chemical used for the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, organic compounds, etc. The stable isotope ratio analysis has increased attention day-by-days in several fields such as agricultural, food authenticity, biochemistry, medical research, etc. The current study was aim...
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The Bioavailability of Manganese in the Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Grown on Alkaline Soil
Zorica Hodžić,
Mirzeta Saletović,
Aida Crnkić,
Aldina Kesić,
Nadira Ibrišimović Mehmedinović,
Almir Šestan
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
141-145
Received:
6 June 2016
Accepted:
16 June 2016
Published:
15 July 2016
Abstract: The research includes analysis of: pH value, organic matter content, and the total concentration of manganese in eleven soil samples from different localities northeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sequential extractions of soil samples were also performed to determine the content of some form of binding manganese. Concentration of manganese in the flowers of calendula were also found and tested at these sites. From the obtained measurement, BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) values were calculated for the tested metal. Soil pH had values from 7.84 to 8.54, which puts them in the category of alkaline and strongly alkaline soil. The total concentration of manganese measured in soil samples do not exceed the limit values or are above average values. In the analyzed soil samples, the minimum content of manganese in the exchangeable fraction and the largest in the residual fraction and bound for oxides of manganese and iron. The concentrations of manganese in the flowers of calendula have not exceeded the permitted value. Statistical analysis of the results showed a weak linear correlation between pH value of an aqueous solution of the soil and the content of manganese in the flower, and linear correlation between manganese in the exchangeable fraction and the content of manganese in the flower. The calculated BCF values are very low and suggest that calendula growing on alkaline soil hasn’t got an expressed potential for accumulation of manganese.
Abstract: The research includes analysis of: pH value, organic matter content, and the total concentration of manganese in eleven soil samples from different localities northeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sequential extractions of soil samples were also performed to determine the content of some form of binding manganese. Concentration of manganese in the f...
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Effect of Chitosan Powder Prepared from Snail Shells to Remove Lead (II) Ion and Nickel (II) Ion from Aqueous Solution and Its Adsorption Isotherm Model
Olayinka John Akinyeye,
Tope Babatunde Ibigbami,
Oluwakayode Odeja
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
146-156
Received:
13 April 2016
Accepted:
17 May 2016
Published:
28 July 2016
Abstract: The toxic effects of heavy metals have remained a major source of concern globally because of their non-biodegradable nature which makes heavy metal pollution a serious environmental problem. The extents of removal for two heavy metals were investigated on adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, contact time and initial metals ion concentration. Maximum adsorption was obtained at pH 5 for Pb2+ ion and pH 7 for Ni2+ ion with 82.1% and 68.28%, at maximum adsorption temperature 335K and 355K for both metal ions with 87% and 80% metal removal respectively. The study shows that initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dose on metals adsorption increases for both metal ions having a maximum adsorption dose at 99.93% and 70.58% removal at 180mins contact time for both metal ions with 99.83% and 70.37%. FTIR spectrum of raw chitosan showed the following peaks; 3263cm-1, 3109.25cm-1, 1627cm-1 and 2854cm-1 denoting –NH2/-NH asymmetric stretching,-OH stretching,-C=O stretching and –CH group showing that binding process for both metal ions onto chitosan bands at 3109.25cm-1 and 2854cm-1 in the spectrum. The spectra indicated –NH group was involved in the binding process due to substantial changes in absorption intensity of –NH stretching after adsorption and peak 1627cm-1 assigned to C=O occurred before the binding process. The two peaks in the 2800-2900 cm-1 region was observed in Pb2+ ion which disappear in the Ni2+ ion laden spectrum, the spectrum for Ni2+ ion has only one peak observed in this region while the Pb2+ ion has two and in the finger print region, 600-1000 cm-1, the spectra of Ni2+ ion and Pb2+ exhibited two and one peaks respectively. This supported the higher sorption capacity of Pb2+ ion over Ni2+ ion. The data were evaluated using Langmuir, Frieundlich and Temkin isotherms, the data complied with Frieundlich isotherm with high R2 values 0.984 and 0.971 for both metal ions while Temkin isotherm shows high R2 values 0.991 and 0.981 for both Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions respectively.
Abstract: The toxic effects of heavy metals have remained a major source of concern globally because of their non-biodegradable nature which makes heavy metal pollution a serious environmental problem. The extents of removal for two heavy metals were investigated on adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, contact time and initial metals ion concentration. Maximum a...
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GC/GC-MS Analysis, Isolation and Identification of Bark Essential Oil Components from Cinnamomum culilawan, Blume
Hanoch Julianus Sohilait,
Healthy Kainama
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
157-160
Received:
1 July 2016
Accepted:
13 July 2016
Published:
2 August 2016
Abstract: The essentials oils (EO) in Cinnamomum culilawan bark have been isolated by steam distillation and evaluated by GC/GC-MS, IR and NMR methods. The GC/GC-MS analysis identified 12 compounds. The major components are eugenol (66.477%), safrole (12.432%) and methyleugenol (6.972%). Repeated purification of the two main compounds yielded eugenol (51.66%), and safrole (6.71%).
Abstract: The essentials oils (EO) in Cinnamomum culilawan bark have been isolated by steam distillation and evaluated by GC/GC-MS, IR and NMR methods. The GC/GC-MS analysis identified 12 compounds. The major components are eugenol (66.477%), safrole (12.432%) and methyleugenol (6.972%). Repeated purification of the two main compounds yielded eugenol (51.66%...
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Phytochemical, Nutritional and Antimicrobial Evaluations of the Aqueous Extract of Brassica Nigra (Brassicaceae) Seeds
Uzama Danlami,
Orishadipe Abayomi T,
Danhalilu Rabiu Lawal
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
161-163
Received:
1 September 2015
Accepted:
1 April 2016
Published:
3 August 2016
Abstract: The objective of the study was to carry out phytochemical, nutritional and antimicrobial evaluations of the aqueous extract of Brassica nigra seeds. The nutritional and phytochemical analyses were carried out by adopting standard methods. The antimicrobial study was carried out by using agar well diffusion method. The nutritional evaluation of the seeds of Brassica nigra showed that it contained moisture 4.16%, crude fibre 0.30%, crude fat 30.30%, ash 5.14%, crude protein 24.70% and carbohydrate 35.40%. The phytochemical screening of the seeds indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugar, phlobatannins and volatile oil. It was observed that the extract was effective in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella para-typhi, Pseudomonas aeuriginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with the zone of inhibition ranging between 7mm and 23mm. The extracts of the Brassica nigra seeds can be used for common cold, painful joints and muscles (rheumatism), arthritis, edema, and increasing appetite. The seeds can also serve as a source of cooking oil because of the high content of crude fat and ethno medicine.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to carry out phytochemical, nutritional and antimicrobial evaluations of the aqueous extract of Brassica nigra seeds. The nutritional and phytochemical analyses were carried out by adopting standard methods. The antimicrobial study was carried out by using agar well diffusion method. The nutritional evaluation of the ...
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