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Application of Quadratic Polynomial Model for the Uptake of Iron from Aqueous Solutions by Natural and Modified Egyptian Bentonite
Mostafa Ragab Abukhadra,
Moaaz Korany Seliem,
Essam Abdel Rahaman Mohamed,
Ali Quarny Selim,
Mahmoud Helmy Mahmoud
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
179-187
Received:
23 September 2015
Accepted:
9 October 2015
Published:
22 October 2015
Abstract: The natural Egyptian bentonite, collected from south El Hammam area, was modified at three different temperatures 100°C, 200°C and 300°C for 1 h. The raw and modified bentonite samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and BET surface area. The bentonite modified at 100°C exhibited more flaky grains with smooth surface and high surface area as compared to the two other modified types. Response surface methodology in conjunction with central composite rotatable design was used in optimizing and modeling the effect of different parameters such as contact time, initial concentration and dose on the removal of iron ions. Second order quadratic polynomial model was selected to represent the removal process. The mathematical equations of quadratic polynomial model were derived from Design Expert Software (Version 6.0.5). The predicted values from the mathematical equations were highly correlated with the experimental results (R2 above 0.9) for the required responses in untreated and modified bentonite at 100°C for 1 h. 3D and linear graphs were used to understand the effect of the studied variable parameters and the interaction between them. Under the predicted conditions suggested by the quadratic programming, the modified bentonite at 100°C is more promising and the removal efficiency could be enhanced to 100%. The quadratic polynomial model could be efficiently applied for the modeling of iron removal from aqueous solutions by bentonite.
Abstract: The natural Egyptian bentonite, collected from south El Hammam area, was modified at three different temperatures 100°C, 200°C and 300°C for 1 h. The raw and modified bentonite samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and BET surface area. The bentonite modified at 100°C exhibited more flaky g...
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Chromatographic, Spectroscopic, and Thermal Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated N,N-Dimethylformamide
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Gunin Saikia,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
188-193
Received:
11 October 2015
Accepted:
20 October 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a ‘universal’ solvent and has wide variety of applications in organic synthesis, purification, crystallization, and as cross-linking agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of DMF after the biofield energy treatment using various analytical techniques. DMF sample was divided into two parts, one part (control) remained as untreated, while the other (treated) part was treated with Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. The treated sample was subdivided into three parts named as T1, T2, and T3 for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Five relatively intense peaks were observed in the mass spectrum of both control and treated samples of DMF. The GC-MS data revealed that the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM in DMF was slightly decreased by 5.76% in T1, and increased by 48.73%, and 30.17% in T2, and T3 samples, respectively as compared to the control [where, PM- primary molecule, (PM+1)- isotopic molecule either for 13C or 2H or 15N]. Similarly, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+2)/PM was decreased by 10.34% in T1 and then increased upto 43.67% (T2) as compared to the control [where, (PM+2)- isotopic molecule for 18O]. In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the treated DMF showed similar retention time (TR) as compared to the control with an additional small peak at 2.26 min appeared in the treated sample. In DSC thermogram the heat change in a sharp endothermic transition at around 61°C of treated DMF was increased by 152.56% as compared to the control. Further, C=O and C-N stretching frequencies of treated sample were shifted by 7 cm-1 and 3 cm-1, respectively towards low energy region in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. These results suggested that biofield energy treatment has significantly altered the physical and spectroscopic properties of DMF, which could make them more stable solvent in organic synthesis and as a suitable formulation agent in polymer/paint industry.
Abstract: N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a ‘universal’ solvent and has wide variety of applications in organic synthesis, purification, crystallization, and as cross-linking agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of DMF after the biofield energy treatment using various analytical techniques. DMF sample w...
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Evaluation of Isotopic Abundance Ratio in Naphthalene Derivatives After Biofield Energy Treatment Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Gunin Saikia,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
194-200
Received:
14 October 2015
Accepted:
23 October 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: Naphthalene and 2-naphthol are two naphthalene derivatives, which play important roles in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of 13C/12C or 2H/1H and 18O/16O in naphthalene and 2-naphthol using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Naphthalene and 2-naphthol samples were divided into two parts: control and treated. The control group remained as untreated, while the treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. The treated samples were subdivided into four parts named as T1, T2, T3 and T4. Control and treated samples were characterized using GC-MS. The GC-MS data revealed that the isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H, (PM+1)/PM and 18O/16O, (PM+2)/PM were increased significantly in treated naphthalene and 2-naphthol (where PM-primary molecule, (PM+1) isotopic molecule either for 13C or 2H and (PM+2) is the isotopic molecule for 18O). The isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM in the treated T2 samples of naphthalene and 2-naphthol was increased up to 129.40% and 165.40%, respectively as compared to their respective control. However, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM in the treated T1, T3 and T4 samples of naphthalene was decreased by 44.41%, 33.49% and 30.3%, respectively as compared to their respective control. While in case of 2-naphthol, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM was decreased by 39.57% in T1 sample and then gradually increased up to 9.85% from T3 to T4 samples. The isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+2)/PM in treated T2 sample of 2-naphthol was increased up to 163.24%, whereas this value was decreased by 39.57% in treated T1 sample. The GC-MS data suggest that the biofield energy treatment has significantly altered the isotopic abundance of 2H, 13C in naphthalene and 2H, 13C and 18O in 2-naphthol as compared to the control.
Abstract: Naphthalene and 2-naphthol are two naphthalene derivatives, which play important roles in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of 13C/12C or 2H/1H and 18O/16O in naphthalene and 2-naphthol using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)...
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Effect of Mineral Systems Injected with Zinc Sulfide on Arsenite Removal from Aqueous Solution: Part II
Davidson Egirani,
Napoleon Wessey,
Adedotun Aderogba
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
201-206
Received:
5 November 2015
Accepted:
15 November 2015
Published:
5 December 2015
Abstract: Mineral systems of kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite and their mixtures were investigated to determine their effect on arsenite removal. Experimental studies include characterization and batch mode experiments. This study was in relation to solution composition and ageing relevant to streams and groundwater impacted by arsenic. Sorption isotherms indicated that sorption capacities of the different clay minerals, goethite and their mixtures were dependent on particle size, pH, particle concentration, arsenic concentration and residence time. Batch mode studies at room temperature revealed increase in sorption as pH was increased. All mineral systems exhibited increase in sorption as initial arsenic concentration increased. All mineral systems exhibited both promotive and non-promotive Cp effects. The complex behavior of mineral systems over the range of residence time investigated may be attributed to increased hydroxylation of the mineral surface and availability of thiol (≡S-H) and hydroxyl (≡Me-OH) functional groups and reactive sites.
Abstract: Mineral systems of kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite and their mixtures were investigated to determine their effect on arsenite removal. Experimental studies include characterization and batch mode experiments. This study was in relation to solution composition and ageing relevant to streams and groundwater impacted by arsenic. Sorption isotherm...
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Application of Photocatalytic Reduction Method with TiO2 for Gold Recovery
Endang Tri Wahyuni,
Agus Kuncaka,
Sutarno Sutarno
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
207-211
Received:
3 November 2015
Accepted:
16 November 2015
Published:
8 December 2015
Abstract: For replacing the un-ecofriendly gold recovery methods, photoreduction catalyzed by TiO2 is proposed as an environmentally benign alternative method for gold recovery. In this study, the photocatalytic reduction was carried out by batch technique, in which the influences of reaction time, TiO2 photocatalyst dose, and initial Au(III) concentration were evaluated to get the optimal condition. In addition, the influence of Ag(I), Cu(II), and Fe(III) that are usually found along with gold in the gold mineral is also studied. The research results indicate that the effective Au(III) photoreduction catalyzed by TiO2 has produced brown solid powder of gold element. It is also found that the effectiveness of Au(III) photoreduction is controlled by reaction time, Au(III) initial concentration, and photocatalyst dose. Furthermore, the presence of Ag(I) and Cu(II) ions leads to the gold photodeposition decreased, meanwhile the presence of Fe(III) ion can enhance the photoreduction. It is clear that photocatalytic method is a promising method for gold recovery, with respect to the easiness, cheapness, and eco- friendliness.
Abstract: For replacing the un-ecofriendly gold recovery methods, photoreduction catalyzed by TiO2 is proposed as an environmentally benign alternative method for gold recovery. In this study, the photocatalytic reduction was carried out by batch technique, in which the influences of reaction time, TiO2 photocatalyst dose, and initial Au(III) concentration w...
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Effect of Magnetic Field on Some Physical Characteristics and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel
Abdelnabi A. Elamin,
Mohamed Ezeldin,
Ali M. Masaad,
Nawal M. Suleman
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
212-216
Received:
4 October 2015
Accepted:
13 October 2015
Published:
10 December 2015
Abstract: The main objective of the present work was passing of diesel fuel on magnetic field produced by magnetic pole by 121mT, to improve the physical properties of diesel fuel and cetane number (CN), the diesel fuel produced from Khartoum refinery (Sudan). The physical characteristics and cetane number of used sample were tested according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM), physical properties included: Density, and kinematic viscosity. The cetane number of diesel used in this project was recorded (55.6) before passing on magnetic field, in the other hand the intensity of magnetic field was recorded (121mT). The physical properties of sample after the passing process were improved to the limits assigned by ASTM and Khartoum refinery. CN was increased to 60.3.
Abstract: The main objective of the present work was passing of diesel fuel on magnetic field produced by magnetic pole by 121mT, to improve the physical properties of diesel fuel and cetane number (CN), the diesel fuel produced from Khartoum refinery (Sudan). The physical characteristics and cetane number of used sample were tested according to American soc...
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Quantitative Determination of Isotopic Abundance Ratio of 13C, 2H, and 18O in Biofield Energy Treated Ortho and Meta Toluic Acid Isomers
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Gunin Saikia,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
217-223
Received:
19 October 2015
Accepted:
22 November 2015
Published:
21 December 2015
Abstract: O-Toluic acid (OTA) and m-toluic acid (MTA) are two isomers of toluic acid that act as an important organic intermediates, mostly used in medicines and pesticides. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on isotopic abundance ratios of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, (PM+1)/PM and 18O/16O, (PM+2)/PM, in toluic acid isomers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The OTA and MTA samples were divided into two parts: control and treated. The control sample remained as untreated, while the treated sample was further divided into four groups as T1, T2, T3, and T4. The treated group was subjected to biofield energy treatment. The GC-MS spectra of both the isomers showed five m/z peaks due to the molecular ion peak and fragmented peaks of toluic acid derivatives. The isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM and (PM+2)/PM were calculated for both the isomers and found significant alteration in the treated isomers. The isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM in treated samples of OTA was decreased and then slightly increased upto 2.37% in T2, where the (PM+2)/PM in treated OTA, significantly decreased by 55.3% in T3 sample. Similarly, in case of MTA, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1)/PM in the treated sample showed a slight increase the (PM+2)/PM was decreased by 11.95% in T2 as compared to their respective control. GC-MS data suggests that the biofield energy treatment on toluic acid isomers had significantly altered the isotopic abundance of 2H, 13C, and 18O in OTA and MTA as compared to the control.
Abstract: O-Toluic acid (OTA) and m-toluic acid (MTA) are two isomers of toluic acid that act as an important organic intermediates, mostly used in medicines and pesticides. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on isotopic abundance ratios of 2H/1H, 13C/12C, (PM+1)/PM and 18O/16O, (PM+2)/PM, in toluic acid isomers usin...
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Theoretical Study of Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Molecular and Ionic Clusters Existing in Vapour over Rubidium Chloride
Ismail Abubakari,
Tatiana Pogrebnaya,
Alexander Pogrebnoi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015
Pages:
224-231
Received:
19 October 2015
Accepted:
27 October 2015
Published:
22 December 2015
Abstract: The geometrical structure and the vibrational spectra of dimer Rb2Cl2, trimer Rb3Cl3, tetramer Rb4Cl4 molecules and heptaatomic Rb4Cl3+, Rb3Cl4– ions were studied. The cluster molecules and ions had been detected in equilibrium vapour over rubidium chloride previously. The quantum chemical calculations by DFT with hybrid functional B3P86 and MP2 methods were performed. The effective core potential with Def2–TZVP (6s4p3d) basis set for rubidium atom and full electron aug–cc–pVTZ (6s5p3d2f) basis set for chlorine atom were used. The equilibrium configuration was confirmed to be rhomb of symmetry D2h for dimer Rb2Cl2, distorted cube (Td) for tetramer Rb4Cl4 and polyhedral (C3v) for heptaatomic ions Rb4Cl3+ and Rb3Cl4–. For the trimer molecule Rb3Cl3 two isomers have been revealed: hexagonal (D3h) and butterfly-shaped (C2v), the latter has lower energy and is proved to be predominant in equilibrium vapour in a broad temperature range.
Abstract: The geometrical structure and the vibrational spectra of dimer Rb2Cl2, trimer Rb3Cl3, tetramer Rb4Cl4 molecules and heptaatomic Rb4Cl3+, Rb3Cl4– ions were studied. The cluster molecules and ions had been detected in equilibrium vapour over rubidium chloride previously. The quantum chemical calculations by DFT with hybrid functional B3P86 and MP2 me...
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